AN ANALYSIS OF CODE-SWITCHING IN ENGLISH MEETING CLUB (Benteng Panynyua Club in Fort Rotterdam Makassar)

Code-Switching is a phenomenon that may occurs in Bilingual or Multilingual communities. Indonesian students who learn English as Foreign Language tend to find a way to master English by forming or joining an English Meeting Club. Code -Switching occurs when they try to speak English in their conversation. The aim of this study is to describe the type of Code-switching used by the members of English meeting club and reason why they did that switching. This research used qualitative method. The subject of the research was participants of English Meeting Club and the data of Code-switching are taken from recording which was converted into transcription. The result shows that the members of English meeting club did three types of Code-switching. Those are tag-switching, intra-sentential switching and intersentential switching. They mostly used intra-sentential switching in their conversation and did the switching to make their utterances acceptable to the hearer.


A. INTRODUCTION
anguage is the most important means of human communication, and communication is the most important function of language. Therefore, the ultimate goal of language teaching is communicative competence (Liu, 2003). Communicative competence requires students to be able to use the language in real communication either spoken or written communication.
In Indonesia, English is learnt as demand of curriculum. It is placed as one of compulsory subject, but the status of English as foreign language in Indonesia makes Indonesian students quite difficult to mastery the language. As bilingual or multilingual country, Indonesian has had Bahasa Indonesia and their tight local languages such as Javanese, Sundanese, Buginese etc. and they have tied up with them.
However, to reach the ultimate goal of language teaching, class meeting in formal education is still not enough. Students need to practice and develop their English continuously outside of the class. That is why any English Courses and English meeting clubs are provided to minimize the difficulties that Indonesian students face in learning English. L Indonesian students, who held English meeting clubs to develop their English skill, try to use English in every conversation they make. But as bilingualism or multilingualism community, there are some phenomena that may be occurred when they try to practice their English. One of the phenomena is code-switching.
Code-switching becomes an interesting phenomenon to be studied. it is a part of language learning process by people who learn more than one language (Bilingual or multilingual). Poplack (2001) stated that "Code-switching (CS) refers to the mixing, by bilinguals (or multilinguals), of two or more languages in discourse, often with no change of interlocutor or topic".
The study of code switching has been conducted by many scholars. There are some related researches have been done previously. First, the research that conducted by Koban (2013). He explored patterns of intra-sentential and inter-sentential code-switching that are occurred in the speech of Turkish-English bilinguals in New York, United States and investigated the influence of language proficiency on intra-sentential Switching. He found that intra-sentential Code-switching occurred at a higher rate than inter-sentential Code-Switching and speakers who dominant in both Turkish and English used more intra-sentential code switching than inter-sentential Codeswitching.
The second research is from Azlan & Narazuman (2013). The research was entitled "The Role of Code-Switching as a Communicative Tool in an ESL Teacher Education Classroom". It investigated the functions of code-switching as a communicative tool in English as a second language teacher education class in a tertiary institution in Malaysia. The findings showed that three types of code-switching known as tag switching, inter-sentential switching, and intrasentential switching were dominant in classroom communication between students and between students and the instructor. The study also found that English was the dominant language of communication while code switching was used to convey ideas in specific situations and to enhance solidarity in the first language.
In Indonesia, the study of code-switching comes from Hidayat (2012). In his research entitled "Analysis of Code Switching used by Facebookers", he tried to find out what types of code -switching occurred in the Facebookers` comments, how often did the code -switching types occurred in facebookers` comments and to find out the reasons why the Facebookers switch their language. Findings of the research showed that the Facebookers tended mostly to use inter-sentential switching then followed by intra-sentential switching and tag switching. The study also found the reason why the facebookers used codeswitching because of real lexical need, Talking about a particular topic and because of speech content clarification.
The previous researches above had some similarities to the research that the researcher  Poplack (1980) states that code-switching is the alternation of two languages within a single discourse, sentence or constituent. Hudson (1991) conceptualizes code-switching as a situation whereby a single speaker uses different language varieties at different times, a consequence of the existence of registers. While according to Hoffmann (1991), code-switching is that it in alternate use of two languages or linguistic varieties within utterance or during the same conversation.
One phenomenon in Sociolinguistics that has very close relationship to Code -Switching is Code -mixing. it is difficult to create a clear line between them. Hill & Hill (1980) in Chaer & Agustina (2004) even state that there is no hope to distinguish between code-switching and codemixing. However, some experts had tried to make distinction between them. Bokamba (1989 : 279) outlined that Code-Switching (CS) is inter-sentential switching while Code-Mixing (CM) is intra-sentential switching. Thelander in Chaer & Agustina (2004) pointed out that code-switching occurs when there is a switch from a clause of a language to a clause of another language in a speech event; but when clauses or phrases used in a speech event consist of hybrid clauses or hybrid phrases which not support their own language function, it is called Code-Mixing. Parallel with Thelander, Fasold (1984) tried to distinguish Code-Switching and Code-Mixing based on grammatical criteria. According to Fasold, if a clause that is used by someone has clearly grammatical structure of a language then followed by a clause using grammatical structure of another language, it is Code-switching.
Some literatures also offer different kinds of code-switching, but the most prominent one is the model proposed by Shana Poplack (1980). That kinds of Code-switching are the intersentential, the intra-sentential code-switching, and extra-sentential code switching or "tag switching". Poplack (1980) proposed three types of code switching. They are Extra-sentential switching (tag-switching), intra-sentential switching and inter-sentential switching.

a. Tag switching
Tag-switching or extra-sentential switching is inserting tag elements from one language into an otherwise monolingual discourse in another language (Koban, 2013). Due to the syntactic nature of tags, they can be inserted in many different places in an utterance without disturbing the syntactic order, e.g. you know, I mean, right? b. Intra-sentential switching Intra-sentential switching is switching from one language variety to another at the clause, phrase or word level within a single utterance (Koban, 2013). In other words, this type of Codeswitching occurs within a clause or sentence boundary, it occurs in the middle of a sentence.

c. Inter-sentential switching
According to Koban (2013), inter-sentential switching is characterized by a switch from one language variety to another outside the sentence or clause level. Inter-sentential switching occurs between sentences. It switches at a clause or sentence level.

The Reason to do Code-Switching
Hoffman (1991) classified the reasons to do code switching into seven points, they are as follow:

a. Talking about a particular topic
People sometimes prefer to talk about a particular topic in one language rather than in another. Sometimes, a speaker feels free and more comfortable to express their emotions, excitements, or even anger in a language that is not their mother tongue (Hidayat, 2012).
b. Quoting somebody else Hoffman (1991) suggested that "people sometimes like to quote a famous expression or saying of some well-known figures". People often switch their language when quoting someone especially quotation from their different native language.

c. Being emphatic about something
Someone who suddenly wants to be emphatic about something while talking using a language that is not his native tongue, he or she, either intentionally or unintentionally, will switch from his second language to his first language.

d. Repetition used for clarification
Sometimes a bilingual who wants to clarify his speech to be more understood by the listener, he will tend to use both of the languages that he masters saying the same utterance.

e. Speaker's personal involvement and desire to be well understood
When a bilingual talks to another bilingual, it was mentioned that there will be lots of code switching and code mixing that occur. It means making the content of his speech runs smoothly and can be understood by the hearer (Hoffman, 1991).

f. Expressing group identity
Code switching and code mixing can also be used to express group identity. The way of communication of academic people in their disciplinary groupings, are obviously different from other groups (Hoffman, 1991).

C. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research investigates the kinds of code-switching that the learners used in English meeting club; in this case, Rotterdam English Meeting Club. The study uses descriptive qualitative as the method. The researcher obtains the conversations between members of the meeting club. The researcher provides the data in video or audio recording. The data were taken from the conversations among participants containing code -switching.
The members of the English Meeting Club were about 7 -10 participants in a circle. The researcher took three circles to be recorded. Every circle has one leader who provide the issue and manage the turn-taking and time. The English meeting club took an hour to finish an issue every week.
The data collections were done as follows: first, the researcher recorded the process of English meeting club in Fort Rotterdam, Makassar. Second, the researcher converted the video conversation into transcription. Later, the researcher will analyze the kind of code-switching and the reasons to do code-switching in transcription.

This part presents the types of code switching used by the members of the English Meeting
Club. The code switching in the data were divided into three categories of types, tag-switching, intra-sentential switching and inter-sentential switching.

Tag-switching
Tag-switching or extra-sentential switching is inserting tag elements from one language into an otherwise monolingual discourse in another language (Koban, 2013). Due to the syntactic nature of tags, they can be inserted in many different places in an utterance without disturbing the syntactic order.

Extract 1
The conversation was taken from second circle of English Meeting Club

Leader
: okay now, we start our discussion from number one. In extract 1, the speaker 1 asked the speaker 2 to repeat the answer whether car is important to her or not. Speaker 2 repeat and confirm her answer by using "iya" in Indonesian then switch it into English. the word "iya" here belongs to the sentence filler and the existence of the word does not disturb the syntax order of the sentence, so it is a kind of "tag-switching".

Extract 2
The conversation was taken from second circle of English Meeting Club

Leader
: there is no traffic jam? Speaker 6 : eee no no, if there is traffic jam, you can ee apa.. you can pass the the cars yeah easily. because ee yeah there is usually in the morning and afternoon maybe eee people eee apa to go to office and back from office. Eee itu ee jam -jam sibuk apa lagi? Ee yeah eein the morning and afternoon there many traffic jam you can find so that ee actually ee car is in the beginning, car is ee to make people feel easy yeah, but right now, I, ee myself feel that car make people yeahh star in the street.
In extract 2, the Leader ask whether car is the cause of traffic jam or not. And speaker 6 answer by using English in the first sentence and then using "apa" in Indonesian. "apa" is not including to the main sentences or not disturbing the syntactic order of those sentences, so it belongs to the "tag-switching" phenomenon.

Intra-sentential switching
Intra-sentential switching is a type of Code-switching that occurs within a clause or sentence boundary, it occurs in the middle of a sentence.

Extract 3
This conversation was taken from first circle of English Meeting Club Indonesian. The word "mematuhi" here is as verb of the sentence, so, it is kind of intra-sentential switching.

Extract 4
The conversation was taken from first circle of English Meeting Club In extract 4, Intra-sentential switching occurs twice, the first is when the leader say "you have to buy eee like bensin, right?". The second is when speaker 2 says "it's lebih mahal" in this case, both of speakers switch their words into Indonesian because they don't know the English of the words. they switch them in order to make clear what she want to say and all of the speakers can understand her sentence. The switching from English to Indonesia above occurs in the sentence boundary, they are intra-sentential switching.

Extract 5
The conversation was taken from the third circle of English meeting Leader : what about you? Speaker 1 : I think the advantage motor cycle is it's so simply and we didn't get traffic jam but the disadvantages from ammm motor cycle we easy get aaa accident in the street. And aamm we can aa kena pollution.
In Extract 5, speaker did intra-sentential code-switching. It involved single-word level. intra-sentential switching was found almost in every sentence using by all of speakers.

Inter-sentential Switching
Inter-sentential switching occurs between sentences. It switches at a clause or sentence level. In which each clause or sentence is in different language.

Extract 6
The conversation was taken from second circle of English Meeting Club the switching occurs between the sentences Seberapa pentingnya mobil buat kamu and You can combine in English and Indonesian. the sentences has their own grammatical function of its own language; So it can be concluded it is a kind of Inter-sentential switching

Extract 7
The conversation was taken from second circle of English Meeting Club Yeah I will support public transportation because ee by using eee big car, there many people can eee took in that bus of course eee our street that will eee more apa more easy to access.
In extract 7, speaker 6 does code switching more than once, he tends to do tag-switching by using "apa" repeatedly and intra -sentential switching by using single-word switching like "mengabaikan". The inter-sentential switching occurs when he says "So the ee people that ee who have money they can buy. Apa sih ee. mereka ee ee apa… bisa mencicil begitu". The speaker was talking by using English and then switch it into Indonesia and we can see that both of sentences still keep their own grammatical function.
After presented and analyzed the data, the researcher found that there are three types of code-switching is used by the members of the English meeting club. Those are Tag-switching, intra-sentential switching and inter-sentential switching. Tag switching was occurred in extract 1 and 2. Intra-sentential switching was found in Extract 3, 4 and 5. And inter-sentential switching was found in extract 6 and 7.
Code switching above was occurred as alternation of two codes and done by some reasons.
By analyzing the data, researcher found that the most of the speakers did code-switching because

Intra-sentential switching
The problem is the people who not to obey ee mematuhi the eee obey the rules.
it's lebih mahal …more expensive because we need more viewer more space in the road And aamm we can aa kena pollution 3 4 5

Seberapa pentingnya mobil buat kamu. You can combine in English and
Indonesian.
So the ee people that ee who have money they can buy. Apa sih ee. mereka ee ee apa… bisa mencicil begitu 6 7

E. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Based on what the research focused on, data presentation and analysis. The researcher can conclude that there are three types of code switching occurred during the English club meeting.
They are tag-switching, intra-sentential switching and inter-sentential switching as Poplack Code-switching that occurred in each circle. So it is suggested to the next researchers to take more than three circles of English meeting club, and then compare their result in order to give more understanding to the reader about a phenomenon called "Code-Switching" that may occur in Bilingual or multilingual communities.