Typification and taxonomic notes of Smilacaceae species in Java

Smilacaceae is known as a taxa with wide phenotypic variation and their taxonomical complexities remain unsolved. The three species of Smilacaceae housed in Java, are given nomenclature history. Since all the potential sources of original material have been investigated, but nothing has been identified, three neotypifications were designated here. Herbarium specimen of Koorders 34990β in Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) was chosen as the neotype of Smilax klotzschii. The de Groot & Wehlburg RD52 herbarium specimen in BO was chosen as the neotype of S. nageliana and Blume 463 herbarium specimen in L was chosen as the neotype of S. odoratissima.

Taxonomical and systematic study of Smilacaceae is still ongoing because the problems remain complex. Moreover, the concept of the genus, species, or infraspecific taxa delimitation is still unclear and doubtful. Recent floristic and monographic studies of Smilacaceae showed that only about 200 from more than 350 species already described are currently known in the family with more than 40% considered synonyms (Qi et al., 2013). This is due to the taxonomic confusion about Smilacaceae. The species determination of Smilacaceae is challenging because they are dioecious plants with considerable phenotypic variation within populations and even among leaves of the same individual plant (Cameron & Fu, 2006). Moreover, many herbarium specimens lack flowers of both sexes or even single-sex flowers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was based on examination of relevant literature and specimens deposited in Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), Singapore Herbarium (SING), and type specimens images deposited in the following herbaria: The Natural History Museum (BM), Royal Botanic Garden (K), Naturalis (L) & Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (P) retrieved from JSTOR. For selecting types, protologues were compared with original material (mostly herbarium material) and the most complete and informative specimens were selected (Turland et al., 2018). The new type designations were listed in alphabetical order and the names accepted as correct are in bold italic. Notes -Smilax klotzschii is native to Java and distribution has been restricted around Central Java. Kunth (1850) described these species in Enumeration Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum, based on a single herbarium specimen collected from Java by Klotzsch in Herb. Reg. Berol. De Candolle (1878) in Monographiae Phanerogamarum cited Hoffmans 82 in Herb. DC and described a new variety of Smilax klotzschii, var. angulosa with Ploem no 17 in Herb. Kunth as holotype. All the original material cited above has not been traced. However, important Herbaria were known to house some of their duplicates such as K, L, BO, BM, BR, US, P, and even the Geneva Herbarium (G). The Geneva Herbarium has the specimens used for the preparation of the "Podrome" (1824-1873) and its continuation the "Monographie Phanerogamarum" (1874-1896). This also included the Augustin Pyramus De Candolle collections of Smilacaceae. Since all potential sources of original material have been investigated, but nothing was found, a neotype was proposed here (Art. 9.7 of the International Code of Nomenclature, Turland et al., 2018). The selected specimen was in morphological agreement with the material studied since these specimen represented the species description in the protologue. Distribution -These species found in East Java.

Smilax nageliana
Notes -Alphonso de Candolle described a single specimen, Nagel no 27 in Herbarium Berlin (B) Germany as a newly described species, Smilax nageliana. Since the Herbarium Berlin was destroyed during World War II, the holotype is most likely lost. After careful tracking and observation of herbarium specimens including digital specimens in herbaria such as BM, BO, BR, G, K, L, SING, and US, no potential sources of original material of Smilax nageliana was found. Since there is no original material still in existence or as long as it is missing, a neotype was proposed here (Art. 9.12, the International Code of Nomenclature, Turland et al., 2018). East java has restricted the distribution of Smilax nageliana. The Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) has just two specimen collection numbers, while de Groot & Wehlburg RD52 specimen represents the protologue description.

Smilax odoratissima Blume
Smilax odoratissima Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1831)  Distribution -It is native to Bangladesh, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Island, Myanmar, and Thailand. These species are widespread in West Java, Central Java, and East Java.

CONCLUSION
Three neotypification were made for the three species of Smilacaceae. Herbarium specimen of Koorders 34990β was chosen as the neotype of Smilax klotzschii. The de Groot & Wehlburg RD52 herbarium specimen was chosen as the neotype of S. nageliana, while Blume 463 herbarium specimen was chosen as the neotype of S. odoratissima.