USING OF CIRCUMSTANCES IN JOE BIDEN’S INAUGURATION SPEECH FROM ENGLISH TO INDONESIAN TRANSLATION

This research aimed to identify the types of circumstances used in Joe Biden’s inauguration speech. This research used the transcript in English version and Indonesian version of Joe Biden’s inauguration speech on January 21, 2021 in Washington DC as the source of the data. Furthermore, the researcher applied a qualitative descriptive method of this research. This result of research showed that there are 37 data found in the type of circumstances such as (2) extent, (2) location, manner divided into (3) means, (7) quality, (3) comparison, (3) degree, cause divided into (4) reason, (4) purpose, and (2) behalf. Moreover, accompaniment consists of (1) comitative. Role has (4) guise category, (1) matter, and angle has (1) in viewpoint category. Moreover, the dominant circumstances that present are quality categories in circumstances of manner.


INTRODUCTION
This research concerned the transitivity theory based on the Systemic Functional Linguistics approach proposed by Halliday. Transitivity is a branch study of ideational metafunction in systemic functional grammar (SFL) that a function of language used to become reasonable in experience and social neighborhood by humans. Ideational metafunction is divided into the experiential and the logic. Whereas, the transitivity holds the experiential category, it uses to describe the meaning of content and the experience at the clause level of language used by construing the relationship between the human itself and other humans in social neighborhood (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014).
Learning in the circumstance of practice has been the most widespread and long-lasting way of learning vocations throughout human history. Learning through practice has been the most common and central means of building the professional capabilities that are important to the existence and advancement of societies and communities throughout history and, presumably, consistently throughout continents, regions, and cultures. Occupational capacities have been learned in the most prevalent and long-lasting ways throughout human history, and are most likely still being learned today. However, there is no comprehensive account of this kind of learning, limiting the legitimacy of workplaces as learning venues, the learning that occurs there, and understandings of how to organize, promote, and evaluate that learning. (Billet, 2014).
This means a clause as the significance of unit process to determine the different kinds of meaning in grammatical rules. Therefore, transitivity is a system that belongs to grammatical rules specifically of the clause to interpret the language used through the process of making the meaning of the world and meaning of experience by humans in communication activities.
In this study, the author is interested in conducting the research of types of circumstances used in Joe Biden's inauguration speech on January 21, 2021 and which are more frequently used in the types of circumstances in Joe Biden's inauguration speech on January21, 2021.

LITERATURE REVIEW
In transitivity, a clause is a representation that manifests in a three kinds of transitivity structure such as process, participants and circumstances. (Gerot & Wignell, 1994) define that the process is concerned with the relationship between a verb and the action it is doing in clauses and sentences. Hence, the process is the first important thing in transitivity which refers to an activity that occurs and word class of the verb. Meanwhile, participants in transitivity can refer to an object or person in which an activity or process occurs. Circumstance refers to the situation and the neighborhood of the participant while the process happened. Moreover, (Saragih, 2010) considers that circumstance relates to adverbs and occurs when the process represents the situation and around of the participants, it is the circumstances. The notion of circumstance, (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014) defines as a means that describe the situation in a process, the location that refers to the time or space in the WH form. Also, circumstance is showing the preposition phrase for the adverbial group and the group of nouns (p. 220).
Further, they classify the circumstance into nine types within of the difference functions, as follows: extent, location, manner (means, quality, comparison, degree), cause (reason, purpose, behalf), accompaniment (comitative, additive), angle (source, viewpoint), contingency (condition, concession, default), role (guise, product), and matter. Hence, the researcher thinks that analyzing the circumstance is focusses of the process among the participants and the circumstances at the clause extent, especially in the transcript of Joe Biden's speech of his inauguration as the President of America on January 21, 2021.
The researcher finds out the previous research that has utilized circumstances analysis, as follows. The first previous research was written by (Tilusubya, Nababan & Santosa, 2018) from Sebelas Maret University. This study analyzed the circumstances of translation in the gospel of Matthew chapter 12 through 14 with regard to transitivity. The objectives of this study are to analyze the translation technique of circumstances and to observe the quality of the translation based on accuracy and acceptability. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. The data was collected based on document analysis and focus group discussion. The results of this study showed that there are data found in the form of circumstances or an adverb such as the application of established equivalent, combination, modulation, transposition, paraphrasing, deletion, explicitation, discursive creation, and implicitation techniques.
The second previous study was written by Puji Suhada Ramadani (2018) from University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara. This study analyzed the circumstances in Donald Trump's Speech. The objectives of this study are to elaborate the types of circumstances, how used the circumstances in Donald Trump's Speech and why circumstances used in Donald Trump's Speech. This study analyzes Donald Trump's Speech through the script of 'United Nations General Assembly' on Sept 19, 2017 in 42 minutes duration. This study used qualitative research design. The results of this study reveals that there were circumstances of extent that have the total 0 for spatial and 3 for temporal, circumstances of location have 34 for spatial and 5 for temporal, and circumstances of manner have a 3 for means, 1 for quality and 2 for comparison. Therefore, the most dominant type of circumstances that found in Donald Trump's Speech is location.

RESEARCH METHOD
The researcher uses qualitative approach as the methodology because this data research analyzes in descriptively. As stated by (Bogdan, 2006) qualitative approach as a method that develops descriptive data in the form of written words or the utterance and manner by humans that can be analyzed by the research. Also, this approach assists the researcher to understand and find the data that is related to this problem research. Strauss and Corbin in (Cresswel, 2010) points out the qualitative research as a procedure that can be analyzed on the human's lives, manner, history, activities at society and others (p.24). Whereas, (Kumar, 2010) appends that the aim of qualitative research is to describe the various categories of events, situations or behavior, and it can be identified. Moreover, Ranjit says there is related research of it which is descriptive research. As Ranjit said in his books that descriptive research is a procedure that is used with the aims 'to describe a situation, phenomenon, problem or issue' in research. (p. 15). Hence, qualitative is a research method that assists the researchers to describe and analyze the data based on the phenomenon on the speaker's words, speech or behavior descriptively.
The source data of this research is taken from two online newspapers about President Biden's inauguration speech on January 21, 2021 in Washington DC. The first source is English version from BBC News.com and Indonesian version from Detik news.com. Both news sites are transcript articles of Joe Biden's first speech as the 46th president of the United States after he took the oath of office. Also, he said this democratic victory (Permana, 2021). This source data is chosen to analyze the type of circumstance used by the speaker. According to (Moleong, 2007) data analysis is the process of constructing the data in order into a pattern element and description of the data. Further, before the researcher analyzes the data, it should need a technique of collecting the data which the researcher uses as a documentation technique. (Sugiyono, 2013) points out that the documentation technique utilizes to obtain the information in the writing or image form that can be done through identification, classification, and categorization by collecting the data of data sources into several sentences. This technique is a way to assist researchers to organize their ideas based on data and problems related to theory of the research. Therefore, this research method focuses on discussing the data that is related to translation study in analyzing the circumstances used by Joe Biden's speech.

Extent
Circumstance of extent is used to describe a process in for distance: how far? for duration: how long? and for frequency: how many times? (Halliday & Matthiessen (2014). Those are the data found in Joe Biden's inauguration speech.

No Source Language
Target Language 1 A once in a century virus that silently stalks the country has taken as many lives in one year as in all of World War Two.

2
A cry for racial justice, some 400 years in the making, moves us.
The data above are categorized in the circumstance of extent. From the first data in the source language one year is translated satu tahun in the target language which constructs the duration in the circumstance of extent. It describes the duration of the virus that took many lives in World War Two in one years. Moreover, the second data also describes the duration of circumstance of extent which is 400 years old in the source language. It describes the duration of a racial justice that has moved the people for 400 years.

Location
Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) defines the circumstance of location and describes the process of the location, namely the place where the incident takes place both in space and time. This type of circumstance is explained in the form of a question where? marked by an adverbial group or prepositional phrase, such as by the door, down, at the market, long ago, since the foundation of the world, at the end of the age, at the fourth our of the watch, and on the top of the building.Here are the data found in Joe Biden's inauguration speech, such as;

No Source Language
Target Language 1 So, now on this hallowed ground where just a few days ago violence sought to shake the Capitol's very foundations.
Jadi saat ini, di tempat sacral ini, di mana beberapa hari yang lalu kekerasan berusaha untuk mengguncang landasan Capitol ini 2 Here we stand, looking out on the great Mall, where Dr. King spoke of his dream.
From the data above, it is clear that these express the circumstance of location. In the first data, a few days ago described the time of the violence sought to shake the Capitol's very foundations and in the second data, on the great Mall described the place of people who stood where Dr. King spoke of his dream.

Manner
Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) divided types of circumstance of manner into three categories, such as means, quality, comparison and degree.

Means
Circumstance of means is a process that occurs in which this category is explained by the preposition by or with and in the form of the question how? what with? Here is the data that represents the circumstance of means.

No Source Language
Target Language

Many centuries ago, St
Augustine -the saint of my church -wrote that people was a multitude defined by the common objects of their love.

2
We will be judged, you and I, by how we resolve these cascading crises of our era.
3 Sustained by faith, driven by conviction and devoted to one another and the country we love with all our hearts.
The data above is expressed by the circumstance of means. It can be seen from the first data, Joe Biden said that St Augustine wrote that people can be seen from what the things that they love are. That means, it refers to what people can see, it is from the things that they love. Further, the second data is …driven by conviction… means Joe Biden said it can be driven with conviction, which is conviction is the process to drive something. Hence it can be concluded as circumstance of means because the data use prepositions by.

Quality
Circumstance of quality is used with characteristics such as followed by adverbs as head of -ly, followed by prepositional phrases in and the noun or nominal group of "manner", either manner or way, or of a qualitative dimension such as speed, tone, skill, ease, difficulty, and term.

No Source Language
Target Language 1 As we look ahead in our uniquely American way, restless, bold, optimistic, and set our sights on a nation Kita melihat ke depan dengan cara kita yang khas Amerika resah, berani, optimis dan bertekad menjadi bangsa seharusnya.

2
Over the centuries through storm and strife in peace and Selama berabad-abad melalui badai dan perselisihan, dalam damai dan Look, I understand that many of my fellow Americans view the future with fear and trepidation.

7
We will repair our alliances, and engage with the world once again.
The researcher concluded that the data above are circumstance of quality because there is an adverb -ly in the source language uniquely and silently. Also, the translation above used prepositions in which followed by nouns in peace and in war in the source language. Further, it uses preposition with which followed by a nominal group of speed like with speed and urgency in the source language.

Comparison
This category of circumstance is used as a comparison of likes or unlike of prepositional phrases, or as adverbs to similarity or dissimilarity from an event. Here are the data that represent the circumstance of comparison.

No Source Language
Target Language 1 I know speaking of unity can sound to some like a foolish fantasy these days.
2 Distrusting those who don't Tidak mempercayai mereka yang tidak look like you or worship the way you do.
terlihat seperti Anda, atau tidak punya keyakinan seperti Anda 3 A story that might sound like a song that means a lot to me, it's called American Anthem.
In the source language above used comparison of like, which explain similarity and it is translated seperti in the target language. From the first data, the comparison is like a description of Joe Biden's utterance that he thought that speaks of unity for some people similarity with a foolish fantasy these days. Also, it is the same with the second data that from Joe Biden's utterance, his thoughts that he's speech sounds like a song which means a lot for him.

Degree
The other subtype of circumstance in manner is degree which is used to describe adverbial groups in general, namely much, a good deal, a lot, or deeply, profoundly, completely, heavily. The researcher found data that belongs to circumstance of degree, as follows;

No Source Language
Target Language To overcome these challenges, to restore the soul and secure the future of America, requires so much more than words.

3
It's time for boldness for there is so much to do.
The above of all source languages used prepositions much to explain as adverbs and the level of something occurs. In the first data, prepositions much in translated banyak in the target language. The preposition much in the source language explains the verb of do, heal, restore, build and gain which means much as an adverb. Also, in the target text as the adverb which explained the verb and the level of something that Joe Biden's uttered. Further, the second data of preposition much is translated lebih in the target language. The preposition much depicted of requires which is verb and explains the degree of the Joe Biden's utterance is much more than words which is translated lebih dari kata-kata.

Cause
Cause is a part of a type of circumstance which is used to explain the reasons for the condition of a process that occurs, the purpose or purpose of a process related to an incident, and behalf of explaining a cause which refers to the participant. Therefore, Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) divide circumstance of cause into three categories, namely reason, purpose and behalf which are explained as follows;

Reason
Circumstance of reason is used to find out the reasons why this can happen and what causes it. This type has the meaning "because" which is investigated in the interrogative form why? or how? Further, this type is characterized by using prepositional phrases through, from, for, because of, a result of, thanks to, and due to. Here is the data found by researchers that represent the circumstance of reason.

No Source Language
Target Language 1 It's time for boldness for there is so much to do.

2
We can join forces, stop the shouting and lower the temperature, forwithout unity there is no peace.

3
When he put pen to paper the president said, and I quote, 'if my name ever goes down in history, it'll be for this act, and my whole soul is in it'.

4
We'll press forward with speed and urgency for we have much to do in this winter of peril and significant possibility.
From the bolded data above is the circumstance of reason. In the source language of those data use prepositions for which are translated karena in the target language. As we can see from the first data, it describes now as the right time to show the boldness, and the reason for it in the source language for there is so much to do is translated karena banyak yang harus dilakukan. That is clearly the reason why it happened. Also, the second data explains that the Americans can do all of the things related to the national as long as they are together such as we can join forces, stop the shouting and lower the temperature. The reason for it is clearly in for without unity there is no peace which is translated karena tanpa persatuan, tidak ada kedamaian. The researcher determined that the data above is reason, as stated by Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) reason has meaning of "because" and use of preposition for which can be seen in the data above.

Purpose
Circumstance of purpose is used to determine the purpose of an action or event in a phenomenon that occurs. These subcategories are characterized by prepositional phrases for, in the hope of, for the purpose of, and for the sake of and are investigated on the question what for?

No Source Language
Target Language 1 President Carter, who I spoke with last night who cannot be with us today, but who we salute for his lifetime of service.
2 Thousands of protesters tried to block brave women marching for the right to vote.

3
If we are that way our country will be stronger, more prosperous, more ready for the future.

4
There is truth and there are lies. Lies told for power and for profit.
The data above used preposition for in the source language which is translated untuk in the target language. Moreover, it follows the purpose of those actions that can be seen in the first data. Joe Biden commands all of the people who attend there, give a salute for President Carter, who cannot attend, but at least it is worth it because of his lifetime of service in America. Besides, the second data also explained the purpose after using preposition for. That means, the purpose by the thousands of protesters is to get the right to vote. It can be concluded, all of the action has the purposes behind it.

Behalf
Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) defines that behalf describes the entity to the participants on whose name or interest or for whom the action is carried out. Circumstance of behalf is marked by the prepositional phrase for, for the sake of, in favor of, on behalf of. However, it also expresses in the form of interrogative who for?

No Source Language
Target Language 1 I pledge this to you. I will be a President for all Americans.

2
There's one verse that stands out at least for me.
As we can see from data above, those are circumstances of behalf used as prepositional phrases for in the source language. Further, it is translated untuk in the target language. From the two data it is clear that discussing the action in the data refers to someone. It can be seen in the first data, Joe Biden said that he will be a president for all people in America means he will be a fair president and he's utterance refers to all of the humans in America. Furthermore, in the second data, it refers to Joe Biden himself that he explains there is a verse that he likes.

Accompaniment
Circumstance of accompaniment explains the process to the participants and explains the meaning which refers to circumstance and, or, not. Also, described in the interrogative form who / what else? Furthermore, Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) is divided into two categories, namely comitative and additive.

Comitative
As stated by Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) comitative expresses a process in which a single participant is involved. This subcategory uses prepositional phrases, namely with, without, besides, instead of. Here is the data that was found by the researcher in Joe Biden's inauguration speech.

SL :
Before God and all of you, I give you my word. I will always level with you. TL : Di hadapan Tuhan dan kalian semua, saya berjanji. Saya akan selalu berkata jujur kepada anda.
From the data above, the researcher considered it is comitative because there is a prepositional phrase with in the source language, and it is translated kepada anda in the target language. Moreover, after the prepositional phrase with there followed by the single pronoun you in the source language become anda which is the formal pronoun in the target language.

Role Elite Journal Volume 8 Nomor 1, June 2021
Circumstance of role analyzes about the meaning of "be" dan "become". This type is related to the value of the clause an "intensive relational". Further it involved Guise and Product categories (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014).

Guise
The category in the circumstance of role type is used to find out the meaning of "be" which is related to the identity of participant or objects. Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) explain that this sub-category is the form of the questionwhat as? and marked with prepositions bywayof,intherole/shape/guise/formof. There are data of guise that found by the researcher, such as;

No Source Language
Target Language

1
We come together as one nation under God.

2
We can see each other not as adversaries butas neighbours.

4
And each of us has a duty and a responsibility ascitizens as Americans and especially as leaders.
Dan kita masing-masing memiliki tugas dan tanggungjawab, sebagai warga negara, sebagai orang Amerika, dan terutama sebagai pemimpin In the data above, the researcher found four data that represent guise which marks preposition as in the source language, and it is translated sebagai in the target language. Further, the preposition as followed by the participants or identity. As we can see in the first data, the preposition as followed by identity one nation which is translated satu bangsa, it represents that people in America as one nation. Also, in the second data, preposition as followed by identity of adversaries and neighbours which is translated become musuh dan tetangga. It shows that the Americans are together as one nation not as adversaries, while they are a good neighbor.

Matter
According to Halliday & Matthiessen (2014), circumstance of matter relates to the situation or causes in a phenomenon with the prepositions about, concerning, with reference to and of. This type of circumstance refers to a verbal or verbiage process, this process itself is a process that describes or refers to objects and services compared to information on a phenomenon that occurs and it examines the question what about?. Here is the data found in the Joe Biden inauguration speech that represents of matter; SL : I understand they worry about their jobs. TL : Saya mengerti mereka khawatir tentang pekerjaan mereka.
Based on the data above, the words that bolded it matter because in the source language about that has equivalents translated into tentang in the target language. Therefore, the data belongs to the circumstance of matter. Also, the word of about refers to services which are jobs.

Angle
Circumstance of angle is concerned with verbal processes that discuss in verbal clause "as...says" and in the mental clause "as...thinks", and it contains source and viewpoint categories.

Viewpoint
Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) categorized viewpoints into circumstances of angle to identify information conveyed in a phoneme that occurs with someone's point of view. This category describes the prepositions to or in the view / opinion of, from the standpoint of. The researcher found the data that represent of viewpoint, as follows; SL : A story that might sound like a song that means a lot to me. TL : Cerita yang mungkin terdengar seperti lagu yang sangat berarti bagi saya.
In the data that is bolded in the source language and the target language are equivalent translations of to me which is translated berarti bagi saya. From the data, there is a preposition to and followed by me which is the emphasis of the information or view point of Joe Biden that discusses the story that sounds like a song which means so mean for him/Joe Biden.
The findings of this research are expected to be useful theoretically, the study is expected to add up new horizon in linguistic, especially to the types of circumstances, and practically, the result of research can be useful for those who are interested in studying linguistic and interested in conducting any further studies in process and circumstance.

CONCLUSION
Based on the result and discussion, the researcher concluded that the types of circumstance of Joe Biden's inauguration speech found are extent has two data, location has two data, manner which consists of means have three data, quality has seven data, comparison in three data, and degree in three data. Further, cause consists of reason has four data, purpose has four data, and behalf has two data. Moreover, accompaniment there is comitative and has one data. Role has four data of guise category. Matter has one data. The last, angle has one data view point category. The researcher saw that the circumstances are marked with the prepositional phrases in analyzes of the process of circumstances. Hence, the researcher identified the dominant type of circumstance is the quality category of circumstance of manners. As mentioned in the result and discussion part, the quality category is dominant because Joe Biden's utterance in his inauguration speech used prepositions in and with.