KRITIK TERHADAP PENDAPAT IMAM ABU HANIFAH MENGENAI SYAFAQ ABYAD SEBAGAI PENANDA AWAL WAKTU SALAT ISYA

Abstract

This study discusses the initial debate on the time of Isha prayer among scholars,
which mainly involves differences of opinion between Imam Malik, Imam Syafi'i,
and Imam Abu Hanifah. Imam Malik and Imam Syafi'i agreed that the time of Isha
prayer begins with the disappearance of the red light (ash-Syafaq al-Ahmar) after
sunset, while Imam Abu Hanifah argued that the time is marked by the
disappearance of the white light (syafaq abyad). This difference arises from various
interpretations of the word "syafaq" in Arabic which has multiple meanings. This
study examines the social, cultural, and scientific contexts during the time of Imam
Hanafi and the influence of the development of astronomy on determining prayer
times. This article also analyzes the influence of geographical and climatic factors,
showing that syafaq abyad is easier to observe in Baghdad compared to Indonesia.
In Baghdad, the dry atmospheric conditions and minimal light pollution provide a
sharper contrast, while in Indonesia, high humidity and light pollution make it
difficult to observe the phenomenon. Furthermore, criticism of Imam Hanafi's
opinion is expressed by considering a multi-disciplinary approach, including
theology and astronomy, indicating the need for a more flexible and adaptive
understanding in determining prayer times in various geographical contexts. The
conclusion of this article shows the importance of integrating tradition with
scientific advances to achieve more accurate and relevant worship practices in the
modern era, reinforcing the need for open discussion among scholars, and
increasing harmony in worship practices among Muslims throughout the world.