ANALISIS YURIDIS SENGKETA NIKEL ANTARA INDONESIA DENGAN UNI EROPA DI WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) DIHUBUNGKAN DENGAN GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/iqtishaduna.v6i4.58244Abstract
Abstrak
Indonesia, menerapkan pelarangan ekspor bijih nikel mentah sejak Januari 2020 sebagai bagian dari kebijakan hilirisasi. Kebijakan ini, didukung oleh UU Minerba dan Permen ESDM, memicu sengketa dengan Uni Eropa di WTO karena dianggap melanggar prinsip perdagangan internasional dalam GATT. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis yuridis mengenai sengketa nikel antara Indonesia dengan Uni Eropa di WTO dan untuk mengetahui keabsahan legalitas Indonesia ketika mengirim Nikel tetapi melanggar perjanjian WTO. Penelitian yang digunakan penulis ialah pendekatan penelitian yuridis normatif, penulis menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data sumber data sekunder melalui library research. Hasil dari penelitian diperoleh penulis ialah Sengketa nikel Indonesia dan Uni Eropa di WTO melanggar Pasal XI:1 GATT 1994 karena termasuk pembatasan kuantitatif, dan menolak pembelaan Indonesia berdasarkan Pasal XI:2(a) dan XX(d) GATT. Kebijakan pelarangan ekspor bijih nikel Indonesia mencerminkan dualisme keabsahan hukum, di mana secara nasional kebijakan ini sah sedangkan pada level internasional, kebijakan tersebut dinilai melanggar Pasal XI.1 GATT. Pemerintah Indonesia disarankan untuk mengedepankan diplomasi bilateral dan multilateral guna mencari solusi damai atas sengketa nikel dengan Uni Eropa, sembari menunggu kepastian hasil banding di WTO. Selain itu, pemerintah perlu menentukan sikap tegas antara melanjutkan perjuangan di forum banding WTO atau menyesuaikan regulasi ekspor nikel dengan ketentuan sesuai WTO..
Kata Kunci: GATT; Indonesia; Nikel; Uni Eropa; WTO.
Abstract
Indonesia has implemented a ban on the export of raw nickel ore since January 2020 as part of its downstream policy strategy. This policy, supported by the Mineral and Coal Law (UU Minerba) and regulations from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Permen ESDM), has led to a dispute with the European Union at the World Trade Organization (WTO). The EU argues that the ban violates international trade principles under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). This study aims to examine and analyze the legal aspects of the nickel dispute between Indonesia and the EU at the WTO, and to assess the legality of Indonesia’s actions despite potential violations of WTO agreements. The research uses a normative juridical approach, employing secondary data collection through library research. Findings reveal that the dispute violates Article XI:1 of GATT 1994, as it constitutes a quantitative restriction. The WTO panel rejected Indonesia’s defense under Articles XI:2(a) and XX(d) of GATT. While the export ban is legally valid under national law, it contradicts international obligations. It is recommended that Indonesia pursue bilateral and multilateral diplomacy to resolve the dispute peacefully while awaiting the WTO appeal outcome, and consider whether to continue the appeal or adjust export regulations to comply with WTO rules.
Keywords: European Union; GATT; Indonesia; Nickel; WTO.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Ani Suryani, Happy Yulia Anggraeni, Hendri Darma Putra

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