TINJAUAN HUKUM ISLAM DAN HUKUM POSITIF TERHADAP RISIKO DAN KEUNTUNGAN DALAM KONTRAK AKAD SALAM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/iqtishaduna.v6i4.58683Abstract
Abstrak
Akad salam merupakan salah satu bentuk transaksi jual beli yang diizinkan dalam Islam meskipun objek yang diperjualbelikan belum tersedia pada saat akad dilakukan. Dalam akad ini, pembayaran dilakukan secara penuh di awal, sedangkan penyerahan barang dilakukan pada waktu yang telah disepakati di masa depan. Meskipun memberikan solusi pembiayaan bagi produsen dan petani kecil, akad salam tetap mengandung risiko, terutama terkait kemungkinan wanprestasi dari pihak penjual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji risiko dan keuntungan akad salam dalam perspektif hukum Islam dan hukum positif di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka dengan mengumpulkan dan menganalisis berbagai literatur keislaman, peraturan perundang-undangan nasional, serta fatwa DSN-MUI yang relevan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa hukum Islam memperbolehkan akad salam dengan syarat ketat untuk mencegah unsur gharar dan maysir, serta membagi risiko secara adil. Di sisi lain, hukum positif Indonesia tidak secara eksplisit mengatur akad salam, namun dapat mengakomodasinya melalui prinsip perjanjian dalam KUH Perdata dan ketentuan perlindungan konsumen. Penyelesaian sengketa dapat dilakukan melalui jalur pengadilan atau arbitrase syariah. Dalam praktik modern, akad salam telah diadopsi dalam perbankan syariah dengan skema paralel, namun tetap membutuhkan penguatan hukum formal. Kajian ini merekomendasikan perlunya integrasi antara prinsip syariah dan regulasi nasional guna memastikan akad salam berjalan dengan adil, aman, dan efisien dalam perekonomian kontemporer.
Kata Kunci: akad salam, risiko dan keuntungan, hukum Islam, hukum positif Indonesia.
Abstract
Salam contract is a form of sale and purchase transaction that is permitted in Islam even though the object being traded is not yet available at the time the contract is made. In this contract, payment is made in full at the beginning, while delivery of goods is carried out at an agreed time in the future. Although it provides a financing solution for small producers and farmers, the salam contract still contains risks, especially related to the possibility of default by the seller. This study aims to examine the risks and benefits of the salam contract from the perspective of Islamic law and positive law in Indonesia. The research method used is a literature study by collecting and analyzing various Islamic literature, national laws and regulations, and relevant DSN-MUI fatwas. The results of the study show that Islamic law permits the salam contract with strict conditions to prevent elements of gharar and maysir, and to share risks fairly. On the other hand, Indonesian positive law does not explicitly regulate the salam contract, but can accommodate it through the principle of agreement in the Civil Code and consumer protection provisions. Dispute resolution can be done through the courts or sharia arbitration. In modern practice, the salam contract has been adopted in Islamic banking with a parallel scheme, but still requires formal legal strengthening. This study recommends the need for integration between sharia principles and national regulations to ensure that the salam contract runs fairly, safely, and efficiently in the contemporary economy.
Keywords: salam contract, risk and profit, Islamic law, Indonesian positive law.
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Copyright (c) 2025 A. Faadhillah Awaliah Ramadhani, Lailatul Mahdalena, Lutfiah Maysarah, Gita Ayu Lestari, Kamaruddin Arsyad

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