PENGELOLAAN ZAKAT DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM KONTEMPORER

Abstract

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis konsep pengelolaan zakat dalam hukum Islam klasik, mengevaluasi model kontemporer, serta mengkaji isu-isu hukum dan solusi syariah dalam konteks dinamika sosial-ekonomi modern. Penelitian kualitatif ini menggunakan pendekatan multidisipliner dengan analisis teks fiqh klasik, fatwa kontemporer, studi kasus lembaga zakat global, dan data empiris terkini. Pendekatan maqasid al-shariah dan teori taysir (kemudahan) menjadi kerangka analisis utama. penelitian ini menemukan bahwa, prinsip keadilan distributif (QS. At-Taubah: 60) dan sistem Baitul Mal tetap relevan, tetapi memerlukan reinterpretasi untuk menjawab kompleksitas modern, seperti perluasan objek zakat (aset digital, saham) dan redefinisi asnaf (pengungsi, urban poor). Sinergi tridaya (negara, swasta, komunitas) terbukti optimal: negara sebagai regulator, lembaga swasta sebagai inovator, dan komunitas sebagai jaring pengaman berbasis lokal. Prinsip amanah (QS. An-Nisa: 58) menuntut sistem pengawasan hybrid (syariah-audit keuangan) dan sanksi progresif (pidana hingga restorative justice). Dengan demikian, zakat berpotensi menjadi instrumen transformatif pengentasan kemiskinan global jika dikelola dengan integritas syar’i, adaptasi teknologi, dan kolaborasi antarlembaga. Rekomendasi kebijakan mencakup harmonisasi regulasi internasional, sertifikasi amil berbasis kompetensi, dan pemberdayaan berbasis data.

Kata Kunci: Zakat, Hukum Islam, Kontemporer.

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the concept of zakat management in classical Islamic law, evaluate contemporary models, and examine legal issues and sharia solutions in the context of modern socio-economic dynamics. This qualitative study uses a multidisciplinary approach with analysis of classical fiqh texts, contemporary fatwas, case studies of global zakat institutions, and current empirical data. The maqasid al-shariah approach and the theory of taysir (ease) are the main analytical frameworks. This study found that the principle of distributive justice (QS. At-Taubah: 60) and the Baitul Mal system remain relevant, but require reinterpretation to address modern complexities, such as the expansion of zakat objects (digital assets, stocks) and the redefinition of asnaf (refugees, urban poor). The synergy of tridaya (state, private sector, community) has proven optimal: the state as a regulator, private institutions as innovators, and the community as a locally-based safety net. The principle of amanah (QS. An-Nisa: 58) demands a hybrid supervision system (sharia-financial audit) and progressive sanctions (criminal to restorative justice). Thus, zakat has the potential to become a transformative instrument for global poverty alleviation if managed with sharia integrity, technological adaptation, and inter-institutional collaboration. Policy recommendations include harmonization of international regulations, competency-based amil certification, and data-based empowerment.

Keywords: Zakat, Islamic Law, Contemporary.