TINJAUAN HUKUM EKONOMI SYARIAH TERHADAP JUAL BELI IKAN HIAS SECARA TANGGUH DENGAN DOWN PAYMENT

Abstract

Abstrak

Jual beli merupakan bagian dari muamalah yang dibolehkan dalam Islam selama memenuhi rukun dan syarat yang ditetapkan. Dalam praktik modern, sistem pembayaran tangguh dengan uang muka (Down Payment/DP) banyak diterapkan pelaku usaha, termasuk dalam sektor budidaya ikan hias sebagai strategi memenuhi kebutuhan modal dan menjaga kesinambungan pasokan. Penelitian ini mengkaji praktik jual beli ikan hias dengan sistem pembayaran tangguh menggunakan DP di Viece Key Tropical Fish, Gunung Sindur, Bogor, dengan fokus pada mekanisme pelaksanaan dan tinjauan hukum ekonomi syariahnya. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk menjawab rumusan masalah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem jual beli tangguh dengan DP di Viece Key dilakukan secara fleksibel: pembeli membayar uang muka saat pengambilan bibit, sedangkan pelunasan dilakukan setelah masa panen 2,5–3 bulan. Praktik ini masuk kategori akad bai’ muajjal dan urbun, memenuhi rukun dan syarat jual beli, serta tidak mengandung unsur riba. Meskipun sebagian transaksi tidak berbentuk akad tertulis, mekanisme tetap berjalan berdasarkan kepercayaan dan kesepakatan harga di awal, sehingga secara syariah dinilai sah dan mencerminkan nilai kemitraan serta tolong-menolong (ta’awun).

Kata Kunci: Jual beli, Down Payment, Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, Ikan hias.

Abstract

Buying and selling is a form of muamalah permitted in Islam as long as it fulfills the required pillars and conditions. In contemporary practice, a deferred payment system with a Down Payment (DP) is widely used by business actors, including in the ornamental fish industry, as a strategy to manage limited capital and maintain supply continuity. This study examines the practice of deferred payment sales using DP at Viece Key Tropical Fish, Gunung Sindur, Bogor, focusing on two main aspects: the transaction mechanism and its conformity to Islamic economic law. This research employs a qualitative field approach through interviews, observations, and documentation. The data were analyzed descriptively to answer the research questions. The findings show that the deferred payment system with DP at Viece Key is applied flexibly: buyers pay a portion of the price upfront as DP, while the remaining amount is paid after the fish harvest, usually within 2.5–3 months. The transaction corresponds to the akad of bai’ muajjal and urbun, fulfills the legal requirements of sale contracts, and contains no elements of riba. Although not all transactions are formalized in written contracts, they operate based on mutual trust and pre-agreed pricing, making the practice valid according to Islamic law. Overall, this system reflects the values of fairness, partnership, and cooperation (ta’awun) in muamalah activities.

Keywords: Sale and purchase, Down Payment, Sharia Economic Law, Ornamental fish.