STUDI KRITIS TERHADAP PROSES NUZULUL QUR’AN PENDEKATAN HISTORIS DAN TEOLOGIS

Abstract

Abstrak

Nuzulul Qur’an merupakan peristiwa sentral dalam sejarah pewahyuan Islam yang menandai turunnya wahyu ilahi kepada Nabi Muhammad saw., sebagai petunjuk hidup bagi umat manusia. Kajian terhadap proses nuzulul Qur’an selama ini terbagi menjadi dua pendekatan utama: historis, yang menekankan konteks sosial, budaya, dan kronologi pewahyuan, serta teologis, yang menegaskan sifat transendental dan keilahian wahyu. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis proses nuzulul Qur’an secara kritis dengan mengintegrasikan kedua pendekatan tersebut untuk membangun pemahaman yang utuh tentang dinamika pewahyuan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif melalui pendekatan kepustakaan (library research) dengan analisis hermeneutik terhadap literatur klasik dan kontemporer seperti karya al-Zarkasyi, al-Suyuthi, Fazlur Rahman, dan Quraish Shihab. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nuzulul Qur’an bersifat gradual (tanzīl), progresif, dan dialogis antara wahyu dan realitas sosial. Pendekatan historis teologis menegaskan bahwa wahyu bukan hanya teks yang diturunkan, tetapi juga proses pedagogis yang membentuk kesadaran moral dan spiritual manusia. Dengan demikian, integrasi kedua perspektif ini menghadirkan paradigma tafsir yang lebih komprehensif, kontekstual, dan tetap berakar pada nilai-nilai transendental wahyu.

Kata Kunci: Nuzulul Qur’an, Pendekatan, Pendekatan Teologis

Abstract

Nuzulul Qur'an is a central event in the history of Islamic revelation, marking the descent of divine revelation to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) as a guide for humanity. Studies of the process of nuzulul Qur'an have been divided into two main approaches: historical, which emphasizes the social, cultural, and chronological context of revelation, and theological, which emphasizes the transcendental and divinity of revelation. This study aims to critically analyze the process of nuzulul Qur'an by integrating both approaches to build a complete understanding of the dynamics of revelation. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method through a library research approach with a hermeneutic analysis of classical and contemporary literature such as the works of al-Zarkasyi, al-Suyuthi, Fazlur Rahman, and Quraish Shihab. The results show that nuzulul Qur'an is gradual (tanzīl), progressive, and dialogical between revelation and social reality. The historical-theological approach emphasizes that revelation is not only a revealed text, but also a pedagogical process that shapes human moral and spiritual awareness. Thus, the integration of these two perspectives presents a more comprehensive, contextual interpretation paradigm, while remaining rooted in the transcendental values ​​of revelation.

Keywords: Nuzulul Qur'an, Approach, Theological Approach