KOMPENSASI GANTI RUGI PADA KASUS CACAT PERMANEN AKIBAT KECELAKAAN KERJA DALAM PERSPEKTIF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT LAW GUIDO CALABRESI MELALUI TELAAH NORMATIF DAN ANALISIS KASUS DI INDONESIA

Abstract

Abstrak

Kecelakaan kerja yang mengakibatkan cacat permanen menimbulkan persoalan hukum dan ekonomi yang kompleks karena kerugian korban tidak hanya berupa cedera fisik, tetapi juga kehilangan kapasitas kerja, penurunan pendapatan, kebutuhan rehabilitasi, hambatan kembali bekerja, serta risiko ketergantungan ekonomi. Artikel ini menganalisis pengaturan dan pelaksanaan kompensasi ganti rugi bagi pekerja yang mengalami cacat permanen akibat kecelakaan kerja di Indonesia melalui perspektif Economic Analysis of Accident Law Guido Calabresi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan analitis. Data yang digunakan berupa bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang dikaji secara kualitatif-preskriptif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia telah memiliki dasar hukum yang cukup memadai melalui sistem jaminan sosial, BPJS Ketenagakerjaan, Jaminan Kecelakaan Kerja, dan regulasi keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja. Namun, pelaksanaannya masih cenderung berorientasi pada pembayaran manfaat administratif dan belum sepenuhnya menjamin pemulihan ekonomi jangka panjang bagi korban cacat permanen. Dalam perspektif Calabresi, kompensasi ideal tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai santunan, tetapi juga sebagai instrumen untuk menekan biaya sosial kecelakaan melalui pencegahan risiko, penyebaran biaya, efisiensi administrasi, dan pemulihan kapasitas kerja korban. Oleh karena itu, sistem kompensasi cacat permanen di Indonesia perlu diarahkan pada model pemulihan komprehensif yang mengintegrasikan Jaminan Kecelakaan Kerja, penguatan K3, rehabilitasi medis dan vokasional, return to work, akomodasi layak, serta tanggung jawab preventif pemberi kerja sebagai pihak yang paling mampu mengendalikan risiko.

Kata Kunci: kompensasi ganti rugi; cacat permanen; kecelakaan kerja; Economic Analysis of Accident Law; Guido Calabresi; Jaminan Kecelakaan Kerja; BPJS Ketenagakerjaan.

Abstract

Workplace accidents resulting in permanent disability give rise to complex legal and economic issues, as the victim’s losses extend beyond physical injury to include loss of earning capacity, reduced income, rehabilitation needs, barriers to returning to work, and the risk of economic dependency. This article analyses the regulation and implementation of compensation for workers suffering permanent disability due to workplace accidents in Indonesia through the lens of Guido Calabresi’s Economic Analysis of Accident Law. This study employs a normative legal methodology with legislative, conceptual, and analytical approaches. The data used comprises primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, examined through a qualitative-prescriptive analysis. The findings indicate that Indonesia possesses a sufficiently adequate legal framework through the social security system, the Social Security Agency for Workers (BPJS Ketenagakerjaan), the Work Accident Insurance scheme, and occupational safety and health regulations. However, its implementation remains largely focused on the payment of administrative benefits and does not yet fully guarantee long-term economic recovery for victims of permanent disability. From Calabresi’s perspective, ideal compensation serves not only as financial support but also as a means of reducing the social costs of accidents through risk prevention, cost-sharing, administrative efficiency, and the restoration of the victim’s working capacity. Therefore, the permanent disability compensation system in Indonesia needs to be directed towards a comprehensive recovery model that integrates Work Accident Insurance, the strengthening of occupational health and safety (K3), medical and vocational rehabilitation, return to work, reasonable accommodation, and the preventive responsibility of employers as the party best able to control risks.

Keywords: compensation; permanent disability; workplace accidents; Economic Analysis of Accident Law; Guido Calabresi; Work Accident Insurance; BPJS Ketenagakerjaan.