HUKUM KEPAILITAN DAN KETAHANAN EKONOMI NASIONAL: MODEL REFORMASI REGIME HUTANG KREDIT UNTUK MENJAGA STABILITAS SISTEM KEUANGAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/iqtishaduna.v7i4.68914Abstract
Abstrak
Ketahanan ekonomi nasional sangat dipengaruhi oleh kemampuan sistem hukum dalam mengelola risiko gagal bayar, menjaga keberlangsungan usaha, serta mencegah terjadinya gangguan sistemik pada sektor keuangan. Dalam konteks Indonesia, rezim hukum kepailitan masih menghadapi berbagai persoalan mendasar, antara lain rendahnya orientasi penyelamatan usaha (business rescue), kemudahan pengajuan permohonan pailit terhadap debitur yang masih prospektif, ketidakseimbangan perlindungan antara kreditur dan debitur, serta belum optimalnya integrasi antara mekanisme kepailitan dan tujuan stabilitas sistem keuangan nasional. Kondisi tersebut berpotensi menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum, meningkatkan risiko kebangkrutan yang tidak perlu, dan memperlemah daya tahan perekonomian pada saat menghadapi krisis. Penelitian ini menempatkan diri dalam diskursus reformasi hukum ekonomi dengan menawarkan perspektif yang menghubungkan hukum kepailitan, ketahanan ekonomi nasional, dan stabilitas sistem keuangan sebagai satu kesatuan kerangka regulasi yang saling terkait. Berbeda dengan penelitian sebelumnya yang cenderung berfokus pada aspek prosedural kepailitan atau perlindungan kreditur semata, penelitian ini mengkaji model reformasi rezim utang-kredit yang berorientasi pada pencegahan risiko sistemik dan penguatan resiliensi ekonomi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan perbandingan hukum. Analisis dilakukan terhadap regulasi kepailitan Indonesia, prinsip-prinsip internasional mengenai insolvency law, serta praktik restrukturisasi utang yang berkembang di berbagai negara. Data hukum dianalisis secara kualitatif untuk merumuskan model reformasi yang mampu menyeimbangkan kepentingan kreditur, debitur, dan negara dalam menjaga stabilitas ekonomi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa reformasi rezim utang-kredit perlu diarahkan pada penguatan mekanisme restrukturisasi dini (early restructuring), penerapan uji insolvensi yang lebih substansial sebelum putusan pailit dijatuhkan, peningkatan peran proses reorganisasi usaha dibandingkan likuidasi, serta harmonisasi kebijakan kepailitan dengan kerangka pengawasan sektor keuangan. Selain itu, diperlukan penguatan prinsip keberlanjutan usaha (going concern principle) dan pengembangan instrumen penyelesaian utang yang adaptif terhadap risiko krisis ekonomi. Model reformasi tersebut tidak hanya meningkatkan efektivitas perlindungan hukum bagi para pihak, tetapi juga berkontribusi dalam menjaga stabilitas sistem keuangan, memperkuat kepercayaan pasar, dan mendukung ketahanan ekonomi nasional secara berkelanjutan. Dengan demikian, hukum kepailitan tidak lagi diposisikan semata sebagai instrumen penyelesaian utang, melainkan sebagai instrumen strategis dalam tata kelola ekonomi nasional dan mitigasi risiko sistemik.
Kata Kunci: hukum kepailitan; ketahanan ekonomi nasional; restrukturisasi utang; stabilitas sistem keuangan; reformasi rezim utang-kredit.
Abstract
National economic resilience is closely linked to the ability of the legal system to manage default risks, preserve business continuity, and prevent systemic disruptions within the financial sector. In Indonesia, the bankruptcy regime continues to face several structural challenges, including the limited orientation toward business rescue, the relatively easy initiation of bankruptcy proceedings against potentially viable debtors, the imbalance of protection between creditors and debtors, and the insufficient integration between insolvency mechanisms and financial system stability objectives. These conditions may generate legal uncertainty, increase unnecessary bankruptcies, and weaken economic resilience during periods of crisis. This study positions itself within the broader discourse of economic law reform by proposing an integrated perspective that connects bankruptcy law, national economic resilience, and financial system stability. Unlike previous studies that primarily focus on procedural bankruptcy issues or creditor protection, this research develops a debt-credit regime reform model aimed at mitigating systemic risk and strengthening economic resilience. This study employs normative legal research methods through statutory, conceptual, and comparative law approaches. The analysis examines Indonesian bankruptcy regulations, international insolvency law principles, and debt restructuring practices adopted in various jurisdictions. Legal materials are analyzed qualitatively to formulate a reform model capable of balancing the interests of creditors, debtors, and the state while safeguarding economic stability. The findings indicate that debt-credit regime reform should prioritize early restructuring mechanisms, the implementation of substantive insolvency tests prior to bankruptcy declarations, the strengthening of corporate reorganization procedures over liquidation-oriented approaches, and the harmonization of bankruptcy policies with financial sector oversight frameworks. Furthermore, the study highlights the necessity of reinforcing the going concern principle and developing adaptive debt resolution instruments capable of responding to economic crises. Such reforms not only enhance legal protection and procedural effectiveness but also contribute to maintaining financial system stability, strengthening market confidence, and promoting sustainable national economic resilience. Accordingly, bankruptcy law should no longer be viewed merely as a debt settlement mechanism but as a strategic instrument for economic governance and systemic risk mitigation.
Keywords: bankruptcy law; national economic resilience; debt restructuring; financial system stability; debt-credit regime reform.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Marsyah Kirana, Zainal Said, Mifzal Parantean, Masni

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