DUA ARUS PEMBARUAN HUKUM ISLAM ABAD 19–20: UTILITARIANISME RELIGIUS DAN LIBERALISME RELEGIUS

Abstract

Abstrak

Artikel ini mengkaji dua arus utama pembaruan hukum Islam pada abad 19-20, yaitu religious utilitarianism dan religious liberalism, sebagai respons intelektual terhadap krisis multidimensional yang melanda dunia Muslim akibat kemunduran politik, kolonialisme Barat, stagnasi tradisi ijtihad, serta ketertinggalan dalam bidang ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis latar historis kemunculan gerakan pembaruan hukum Islam, menjelaskan karakteristik epistemologis kedua arus pemikiran tersebut, serta menelaah kontribusinya terhadap pengembangan hukum Islam modern. Penelitian menggunakan metode kepustakaan (library research) dengan pendekatan historis, konseptual, dan analitis-kritis. Data diperoleh dari karya-karya para pemikir pembaruan hukum Islam seperti Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, dan Rashid Rida. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa utilitarianisme religius menempatkan maṣlaḥah dan maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah sebagai landasan utama dalam reformulasi hukum Islam guna mewujudkan kemaslahatan manusia, sedangkan liberalisme religius menekankan reinterpretasi kontekstual terhadap teks-teks keagamaan melalui pendekatan historis, hermeneutis, dan rasional. Meskipun berbeda dalam orientasi metodologis dan epistemologis, kedua arus tersebut memiliki tujuan yang sama, yakni menjaga relevansi hukum Islam dalam menghadapi perubahan sosial modern tanpa melepaskan keterikatannya pada sumber-sumber normatif Islam. Dengan demikian, pembaruan hukum Islam abad 19–20 merepresentasikan upaya berkelanjutan untuk membangun dialog antara otoritas wahyu, rasionalitas manusia, dan realitas sosial dalam rangka menghadirkan hukum Islam yang adaptif, dinamis, dan responsif terhadap tantangan zaman.

Kata Kunci: Pembaruan Hukum Islam; Utilitarianisme Religius; Liberalisme Religius; Maqāṣid al-Syarī‘ah; Ijtihad

Abstract

This article examines two major currents of Islamic legal reform in the 19th and 20th centuries: religious utilitarianism and religious liberalism, as intellectual responses to the multidimensional crisis that gripped the Muslim world due to political decline, Western colonialism, the stagnation of the ijtihad tradition, and backwardness in science and technology. This research aims to analyze the historical background of the emergence of the Islamic legal reform movement, explain the epistemological characteristics of these two currents of thought, and examine their contributions to the development of modern Islamic law. The research employs library research with historical, conceptual, and analytical-critical approaches. Data are obtained from the works of Islamic legal reform thinkers such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, and Rashid Rida. The results of this study indicate that religious utilitarianism places maṣlaḥah and maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah as the primary foundations for reformulating Islamic law to achieve human well-being, while religious liberalism emphasizes contextual reinterpretation of religious texts through historical, hermeneutical, and rational approaches. Despite differing methodological and epistemological orientations, both currents share the same goal: maintaining the relevance of Islamic law in the face of modern social change without relinquishing its attachment to Islamic normative sources. Thus, Islamic legal reform in the 19th–20th centuries represents a continuing effort to establish a dialogue between the authority of revelation, human rationality, and social reality in order to present an Islamic law that is adaptive, dynamic, and responsive to the challenges of the times.

Keywords: Islamic Legal Reform; Religious Utilitarianism; Religious Liberalism; Maqāṣid al-Syarī‘ah; Ijtihad