Environmental Health Risk Analysis of SO₂ and NO₂ Exposure in Communities Near Cement Industrial Areas: A Case Study of PT. Semen Tonasa, Pangkajene Kepulauan Regency
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/ucr.v2i2.69342Keywords:
Environmental Health Risk Analysis, cement industry, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, spatial patternAbstract
Background: The cement industry is a major source of Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) emissions that potentially pose health risks to surrounding communities. PT. Semen Tonasa, located in Pangkajene Kepulauan (Pangkep) Regency, is one of the largest cement industries in Eastern Indonesia. Objective: This study aimed to analyze environmental health risks from SO₂ and NO₂ exposure and map the spatial distribution of risk among communities residing near PT. Semen Tonasa industrial area. Methods: A descriptive observational study was conducted using the Environmental Health Risk Analysis (EHRA) approach. Ambient air quality was measured at 8 locations (Ring 1 villages) using Volume Air Sampler with Impinger. A total of 160 respondents (80 adults aged 26–45 years and 80 children aged 6–12 years) were recruited through purposive sampling. Exposure parameters included SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations, inhalation rate, body weight, exposure frequency, and real-time and lifetime exposure durations. Spatial patterns were analyzed using ArcGIS with overlay and buffer methods. Results: The highest SO₂ concentration was found in Bontoa Village (51.3 µg/m³) and the highest NO₂ in Samalewa Village (46.2 µg/m³), both below national standards. Real-time Risk Quotient (RQ) values indicated that all child respondents were not at risk (RQ<1), while some adult respondents in Bontoa and Samalewa showed risk for SO₂ and NO₂ exposure. Lifetime projections showed increasing risk with exposure duration. Spatial patterns revealed risk concentration within 1–3 km from the industrial center. Conclusion: Although ambient SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations have not exceeded quality standards, there are indications of long-term health risks for adults residing in the zone closest to emission sources. Regular monitoring and implementation of community-based risk management are needed
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