Implementation of The Mutlaq-Muqayyad Rule in Qisas Law

Abstract

This study examines the application of the muthlaq–muqayyad rule in qiṣāṣ law, which serves as a guideline in understanding the difference between general and specific terms in the establishment of Islamic law. This study uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach (dirāsah maṣdariyyah), through an analysis of classical fiqh works and contemporary interpretations related to qiṣāṣ. The results show that the muthlaq–muqayyad rule is an important instrument in maintaining the balance between divine justice and human rationality, so that its application is able to emphasize the flexibility of Islamic law in protecting life and upholding justice. The application of this principle shows that qiṣāṣ is not only a law of retribution, but also a moral and social framework based on the values of maqāṣid al-syarīʿah.

Penelitian ini mengkaji penerapan kaidah muthlaq–muqayyad dalam hukum qiṣāṣ yang berfungsi sebagai pedoman dalam memahami perbedaan antara lafaz umum dan lafaz khusus dalam penetapan hukum Islam. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kepustakaan (dirāsah maṣdariyyah), melalui telaah terhadap karya-karya fikih klasik dan interpretasi kontemporer terkait qiṣāṣ. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kaidah muthlaq–muqayyad merupakan instrumen penting dalam menjaga keseimbangan antara keadilan Ilahi dan rasionalitas manusia, sehingga penerapannya mampu menegaskan fleksibilitas hukum Islam dalam melindungi jiwa dan menegakkan keadilan. Penerapan prinsip ini menunjukkan bahwa qiṣāṣ bukan hanya hukum pembalasan, tetapi juga kerangka moral dan sosial yang berlandaskan pada nilai-nilai maqāṣid al-syarīʿah.