A Sociolinguistic Study on Arabic Code Switching and Mixing in the Multicultural Context of Pemalang
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/diwan.v11i2.62438Keywords:
Arabic Language, Code Switching, Code Mixing, Sociolinguistics, Multicultural SocietyAbstract
This study explores the sociolinguistic dynamics of Arabic code-switching and code-mixing within the multicultural environment of Pemalang Regency, Central Java. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, the research investigates the linguistic patterns and underlying motivations that drive the alternation between Arabic, Indonesian, and Javanese in everyday communication. Data were gathered through observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, involving participants from diverse social roles such as teachers, santri, merchants, and community figures. The data analysis followed Miles and Huberman’s model consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. Instances of switching and mixing were identified and categorized based on commonly recognized sociolinguistic typologies and further interpreted through contextual and functional lenses. The findings indicate that Arabic expressions have been internalized not merely as components of religious discourse but also as meaningful elements of social interaction that carry pragmatic and identity-building purposes. Frequent expressions such as insya Allah, alhamdulillah, and masya Allah illustrate linguistic creativity and reflect the embodiment of Islamic cultural values in daily conversation. The study reveals that factors influencing language alternation include religious orientation, communicative intentions, situational settings, and patterns of social relationships. From a sociolinguistic perspective, these practices serve as strategies of social cohesion, adaptation, and symbolic prestige. The study concludes that Arabic in Pemalang has expanded beyond its liturgical domain and contributes significantly to reinforcing shared cultural identity within Indonesia’s plural society. Accordingly, Arabic language education should integrate sociocultural awareness and authentic communicative practices.
مستخلص
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل ديناميكية استخدام اللغة العربية من خلال ظاهرتي التناوب اللغوي (Code-Switching) والتداخل اللغوي (Code-Mixing) في إطار التفاعل الاجتماعي داخل المجتمع متعدّد الثقافات في محافظة بمالانغ، جاوة الوسطى. وانطلقت الدراسة من منهج وصفي نوعي لفهم أنماط الانتقال بين اللغات، والكشف عن الدوافع الاجتماعية والتداولية التي تحكم استعمال اللغة في الممارسات التواصلية اليومية، حيث يتنقّل المتحدّثون بين العربية، والإندونيسية، والجاوية. اعتمد البحث على الملاحظة الميدانية، والمقابلات المعمّقة، وتحليل الوثائق، بمشاركة فاعلين اجتماعيين من خلفيات مهنية متنوّعة، شملت المعلّمين، وطلبة المعاهد الإسلامية، وأصحاب الأنشطة الاقتصادية، وشخصيات مجتمعية. وتم تحليل البيانات وفق نموذج Miles & Huberman عبر مراحل تقليص المعطيات، وتنظيمها، ثم استخلاص النتائج بصورة منهجية. وأظهرت النتائج تنوّع أشكال التناوب والتداخل اللغوي، التي جرى تصنيفها استنادًا إلى المقاربات السوسيولغوية، ثم تفسيرها في ضوء الوظائف التداولية، والسياقات التفاعلية، والعوامل الاجتماعية المؤثّرة. وتؤكّد الدراسة أنّ حضور اللغة العربية تجاوز المجال التعبّدي الصرف، ليغدو عنصرًا فاعلًا في الخطاب الاجتماعي اليومي، يؤدي وظائف تعبيرية وتداولية، ويعمل بوصفه مؤشّرًا هويّاتيًا. كما تعكس العبارات الشائعة مثل إن شاء الله، والحمد لله، وما شاء الله درجة عالية من الاستيعاب الثقافي للقيم الإسلامية، إلى جانب ما تحمله من إبداع لغوي في سياق التعدّد اللغوي. وتتمثّل أبرز العوامل المحدِّدة لهذه الممارسات في مستوى التديّن، وبنية العلاقات الاجتماعية، ومقاصد الخطاب، والظروف السياقية. وتخلص الدراسة إلى أنّ اللغة العربية في سياق بمالانغ تمثّل أداة لبناء التضامن والهوية الثقافية الجماعية داخل المجتمع الإندونيسي المتنوّع، بما يستدعي توجّهًا تربويًا في تعليم العربية يراعي أبعادها الاجتماعية والثقافية.
Abstrak
Penelitian ini menelusuri dinamika penggunaan bahasa dalam bentuk alih kode dan campur kode bahasa Arab di tengah realitas sosial masyarakat multikultural di Kabupaten Pemalang, Jawa Tengah. Berbasis pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, penelitian ini berupaya memahami pola peralihan bahasa serta motivasi yang melatarbelakanginya dalam interaksi sehari-hari ketika penutur berganti antara bahasa Arab, Indonesia, dan Jawa. Data penelitian dikumpulkan melalui observasi langsung, wawancara mendalam, dan penelusuran dokumen, dengan melibatkan partisipan dari berbagai profesi dan status sosial, seperti pendidik, santri, pelaku usaha, dan tokoh masyarakat. Analisis data mengikuti kerangka Miles dan Huberman, melalui proses reduksi data, penyajian informasi, hingga penarikan kesimpulan secara sistematis. Beragam bentuk alih kode dan campur kode berhasil dipetakan dan dikategorikan berdasarkan tipologi sosiolinguistik, kemudian diinterpretasikan melalui fungsi, konteks situasi, dan faktor sosial yang berpengaruh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekspresi berbahasa Arab tidak lagi terbatas pada ranah keagamaan, melainkan telah meresap menjadi bagian penting dalam percakapan sosial yang berfungsi secara pragmatis, ekspresif, dan penanda identitas. Ungkapan seperti insya Allah, alhamdulillah, dan masya Allah memperlihatkan kreativitas linguistik sekaligus kedalaman internalisasi nilai keislaman. Faktor penentu praktik kebahasaan tersebut mencakup tingkat religiusitas, relasi sosial, tujuan komunikasi, dan kondisi situasional. Secara keseluruhan, bahasa Arab dalam konteks Pemalang menjadi instrumen pembangun solidaritas dan identitas budaya kolektif di tengah masyarakat Indonesia yang majemuk, serta menegaskan pentingnya pendidikan bahasa Arab yang peka terhadap dimensi sosial dan kultural.
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