VARIAN TEKSTUAL BAB AN-NIKĀḤ DAN REKONSTRUKSI METODE ISTIDLĀL USHUL FIQH ABAD XIX

Abstract

Abstrak

Lonjakan kajian kritis terhadap manuskrip fikih belum sepenuhnya menyingkap bagaimana varian tekstual perbedaan kata, ejaan, dan riwayat, pada Bab an-Nikāḥ mempengaruhi bangunan argumentasi hukum Islam. Artikel ini bertolak dari pertanyaan utama: bagaimana ulama Ushul Fiqh abad XIX mengelola varian tekstual tersebut melalui metode istidlāl guna menjaga koherensi syariat dan relevansi sosial? Dengan rancangan penelitian kepustakaan kritis, data diambil dari kolasi tujuh manuskrip nikāḥ abad XVIII–XIX, edisi cetak awal, serta risalah reformis Muhammad ʿAbduh dan Sayyid Aḥmad Khān; seluruhnya dianalisis secara filologis, kodikologis, dan hermeneutik-historis. Hasilnya menunjukkan, pertama, empat pola varian (leksikal, gramatikal, redaksional, dan komentar marginalia) berpotensi memicu divergensi hukum mahar, wali, dan ṭalāq. Kedua, para fuqahā abad XIX menata ulang istidlāl klasik dengan memadukan tarjih berbasis kekuatan sanad, maqāṣid al-sharīʿah untuk menimbang maslahat, serta teknik takhayyur-talfiq guna merespons realitas kolonial dan modernitas; pola ini membentuk “kerangka istidlāl adaptif” yang menegaskan legalitas varian tanpa meniadakan otoritas mazhab. Temuan ini mengisi kekosongan literatur tentang hubungan naskah, metode, dan reformasi hukum, serta menawarkan model konseptual yang dapat diadopsi lembaga fatwa kontemporer untuk merumuskan putusan nikāḥ lebih inklusif dan berbasis manuskrip.

Kata Kunci: manuskrip ushul fiqh abad XIX; Bab an-Nikāḥ; filologi hukum Islam; kerangka istidlāl adaptif; maqāṣid al-sharīʿah; takhayyur talfiq.

Abstract

The surge in critical studies of fiqh manuscripts has not fully revealed how textual variants, including differences in wording, spelling, and narration, in Chapter an-Nikāḥ influence the construction of Islamic legal arguments. This article begins with the main question: how did nineteenth-century Usul Fiqh scholars manage these textual variants through the istidlāl method to maintain sharia coherence and social relevance? Using a critical bibliographical research design, data were drawn from a collation of seven 18th-19th-century nikāḥ manuscripts, early printed editions, and the reformist treatises of Muhammad ʿAbduh and Sayyid Aḥmad Khān; all were analyzed philologically, codicologically, and hermeneutically-historically. The results indicate, first, four patterns of variants (lexical, grammatical, editorial, and marginal commentary) that have the potential to trigger divergence in the laws of dowry, guardianship, and ṭalāq. Second, nineteenth-century jurists reorganized classical istidlāl by combining tarjih based on the power of sanad (Islamic law), maqāṣid al-sharīʿah (the principles of Islamic law) for weighing benefits (maslahat), and takhayyur-talfiq (the techniques of Islamic law) to respond to colonial and modern realities. This pattern formed an “adaptive istidlāl framework” that affirmed the legality of variants without negating the authority of the madhhab (school of thought). This finding fills a gap in the literature on the relationship between manuscripts, methods, and legal reform and offers a conceptual model that contemporary fatwa institutions can adopt to formulate more inclusive and manuscript-based nikāḥ rulings.

Keywords: nineteenth-century ushul fiqh manuscripts; Bab an-Nikāḥ; Islamic legal philology; adaptive istidlāl framework; maqāṣid al-sharīʿah; takhayyur-talfiq.