ANALISIS HUKUM NIKAH MUT'AH DALAM PERSPEKTIF MAQASID SYARIAH: PRO DAN KONTRA DALAM KONTEKS INDONESIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/el-iqthisady.v7i1.58783Abstract
Abstrak
Nikah mut’ah, atau pernikahan sementara yang dibatasi oleh jangka waktu tertentu, merupakan isu kontroversial dalam diskursus hukum Islam dan praktik sosial kontemporer. Dalam sejarah hukum Islam, praktik ini sempat dibolehkan pada masa awal Islam dalam konteks darurat, namun kemudian diharamkan secara permanen oleh Rasulullah SAW berdasarkan hadis-hadis sahih. Meskipun mayoritas ulama Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah sepakat mengharamkannya, sebagian kalangan Syiah Imamiyah masih menganggapnya sah berdasarkan interpretasi atas ayat Al-Qur’an tertentu. Di Indonesia, nikah mut’ah tidak hanya tidak diakui dalam sistem hukum nasional, tetapi juga ditolak oleh otoritas keagamaan melalui fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) yang menyatakan keharamannya secara mutlak. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kedudukan nikah mut’ah dalam perspektif maqasid syariah serta implikasinya terhadap sistem hukum dan nilai sosial keindonesiaan. Pendekatan normatif dan sosiologis digunakan untuk menilai kesesuaian praktik ini dengan tujuan utama syariat Islam, yaitu menjaga keturunan (hifz al-nasl), kehormatan (hifz al-‘irdh), dan agama (hifz al-din). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa nikah mut’ah bertentangan dengan prinsip maqasid syariah dan nilai-nilai hukum serta budaya di Indonesia, karena cenderung membuka celah eksploitasi terhadap perempuan, merusak struktur keluarga, serta menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum bagi anak yang dilahirkan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sinergi antara hukum agama dan hukum negara dalam memberikan kepastian hukum, perlindungan sosial, dan edukasi publik terkait institusi pernikahan yang sesuai dengan prinsip keadilan dan kemaslahatan.
Kata kunci: nikah mut’ah, maqasid syariah, hukum Islam, hukum nasional, perlindungan perempuan, ketahanan keluarga.
Abstract
Mut’ah marriage, or temporary marriage limited by a certain period of time, is a controversial issue in Islamic legal discourse and contemporary social practice. In the history of Islamic law, this practice was allowed in the early days of Islam in the context of emergency, but was later permanently forbidden by the Prophet Muhammad SAW based on authentic hadiths. Although the majority of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah scholars agree that it is forbidden, some Shia Imamiyah groups still consider it valid based on interpretations of certain verses of the Qur’an. In Indonesia, mut’ah marriage is not only not recognized in the national legal system, but is also rejected by religious authorities through a fatwa from the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) which states that it is absolutely forbidden. This article aims to analyze the position of mut’ah marriage from the perspective of maqasid sharia and its implications for the legal system and social values of Indonesia. Normative and sociological approaches are used to assess the suitability of this practice with the main objectives of Islamic law, namely preserving offspring (hifz al-nasl), honor (hifz al-‘irdh), and religion (hifz al-din). The results of the analysis show that mut’ah marriage is contrary to the principles of maqasid sharia and legal and cultural values in Indonesia, because it tends to open up opportunities for exploitation of women, damage family structures, and create legal uncertainty for children born. Therefore, synergy is needed between religious law and state law in providing legal certainty, social protection, and public education related to the institution of marriage in accordance with the principles of justice and welfare.
Keywords: mut’ah marriage, maqasid sharia, Islamic law, national law, protection of women, family resilience.
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