PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP HAK-HAK KONSUMEN DALAM JUAL BELI ONLINE (Analisis Hukum Positif di Indonesia dengan Peraturan Internal Shopee dan Hukum Ekonomi Syariah)

Abstract

Abstrak

Pokok permasalahan dalam tesis ini adalah maraknya praktik jual-beli online yang menimbulkan banyak permasalahan hukum bagi konsumen, seperti barang yang tidak sesuai deskripsi, keterlambatan pengembalian dana, serta lemahnya penindakan terhadap pelaku usaha yang merugikan konsumen. Tujuan pembahasan ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana peraturan hukum positif di Indonesia tentang perlindungan hak-hak konsumen, sinkronisasi antara hukum positif perlindungan hak-hak konsumen di Indonesia dengan peraturan internal Shopee dan bagaimana perlindungan hak konsumen menurut Hukum Ekonomi Syariah. Jenis penelitian yang penulis gunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan (Library Research) atau normatif, merupakan penelitian yang secara literatur dilakukan melalui penelitian atas sistematika hukum, kesesuaian hukum, dan perbandingan hukum. Analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif terhadap substansi hukum dan praktik perlindungan konsumen dalam e-commerce. Dari penelitian yang penulis lakukan dapat disimpulan bahwa perlindungan hukum  terhadap hak-hak konsumen telah diatur dalam KUHPerdata, Undang-undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen, Undang-undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik serta Permendag Nomor 50 Tahun 2020. Shopee juga telah menyediakan instrumen perlindungan berupa Garansi Shopee, sistem escrow, mekanisme refund/return, dan layanan pengaduan. Namun, mekanisme internal ini masih bersifat kontraktual sehingga tidak memiliki kekuatan hukum sekuat undang-undang nasional. Dari perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, transaksi jual beli di Shopee dapat dianalogikan dengan akad salam, dimana pembayaran dilakukan di awal dan barang diserahkan kemudian. Mekanisme refund/return juga sejalan dengan konsep khiyar yang memberikan hak kepada konsumen untuk membatalkan transaksi apabila terdapat cacat pada barang. Meskipun demikian, penerapannya belum sepenuhnya memenuhi prinsip syariah karena keterbatasan konsumen dalam mengakses haknya.

Kata Kunci: Perlindungan Konsumen, Marketplace, Shopee, Hukum Positif, Hukum Ekonomi Syariah.

Abstract

The main problem in this thesis is the rampant practice of online buying and selling which has given rise to many legal problems for consumers, such as goods that do not match the description, delays in refunds, and weak enforcement against business actors who harm consumers. The purpose of this discussion is to determine how positive legal regulations in Indonesia regarding the protection of consumer rights, the synchronization between positive law on consumer rights protection in Indonesia with Shopee's internal regulations and how consumer rights are protected according to Sharia Economic Law. The type of research the author used was library research or normative research, which is research conducted through literature review of legal systematics, legal conformity, and comparative law. Qualitative analysis was conducted on the legal substance and consumer protection practices in e-commerce. From the author's research, it can be concluded that legal protection for consumer rights has been regulated in the Civil Code, Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions, and Minister of Trade Regulation Number 50 of 2020. Shopee has also provided protection instruments in the form of a Shopee Guarantee, an escrow system, a refund/return mechanism, and a complaint service. However, these internal mechanisms are still contractual in nature and therefore do not have the same legal force as national laws. From the perspective of Sharia Economic Law, buying and selling transactions on Shopee can be analogized to a salam contract, where payment is made upfront and the goods are delivered later. The refund/return mechanism is also in line with the concept of khiyar, which gives consumers the right to cancel transactions if there are defects in the goods. However, its implementation has not fully complied with sharia principles due to consumers' limited access to their rights.

Keywords: Consumer Protection, Marketplace, Shopee, Positive Law, Sharia Economic Law.