KONTESTASI OTORITAS FATWA DI ERA DIGITAL: PERGESERAN DARI FATWA INSTITUSIONAL MUI MENUJU FATWA PERSONAL DI MEDIA SOSIAL DALAM PERSPEKTIF UṢŪL FIKIH

Abstract

Abstrak

Perkembangan teknologi informasi telah mendemokratisasi ruang dakwah, namun sekaligus memicu maraknya fenomena fatwa personal oleh pendakwah digital di media sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji validitas metodologis fatwa personal tersebut dengan membandingkannya terhadap fatwa institusional Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI). Menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan kepustakaan (library research), data dianalisis secara deskriptif-komparatif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa fatwa MUI memiliki validitas metodologis yang kokoh karena dirumuskan melalui mekanisme ijtihād jamā‘ī (kolektif) dan berorientasi pada maṣlaḥah ‘āmmah (kemaslahatan umum). Sebaliknya, fatwa personal di media sosial memiliki validitas yang lemah karena cenderung menggunakan pendekatan ijtihād fardī (individual) yang spontan, tekstual, dan reduksionis demi mengejar popularitas siber. Sebagai solusi, penelitian ini merekomendasikan pentingnya penguatan budaya tabayyun digital bagi masyarakat, penerapan prinsip kehati-hatian (iḥtiyāṭ) bagi pendakwah siber, serta langkah proaktif dari MUI dalam melakukan digitalisasi otoritas keagamaan.

Kata Kunci: fatwa personal, ijtihād jamā‘ī, MUI, media sosial, validitas metodologi.

Abstract

Abstract are written in Bahasa Indonesia and English, provide a brief introduction, background of the issue, methodology, summary of results, and recommendation. Abstract contains no more than 200 word. Times New Roman 12pt, Spasi 1. Information technology development has democratized Islamic dawah, but also triggered the rise of personal fatwas by digital preachers on social media. This study aims to examine the methodological validity of these personal fatwas by comparing them with the institutional fatwas of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI). Utilizing normative legal research with a library research approach, data were analyzed descriptively and comparatively. The results indicate that MUI's fatwas possess strong methodological validity as they are formulated through ijtihād jamā‘ī (collective ijtihad) and oriented toward maṣlaḥah ‘āmmah (public interest). Conversely, personal fatwas on social media exhibit weak validity, tending to rely on spontaneous, textual, and reductionist ijtihād fardī (individual ijtihad) to pursue cyber popularity. As a solution, this study recommends strengthening digital tabayyun (verification) culture among the public, applying the principle of caution (iḥtiyāṭ) by cyber preachers, and proactive steps by MUI in digitalizing religious authority.

Keywords: personal fatwa, ijtihād jamā‘ī, MUI, social media, methodological validity.