PAJAK DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM: ANALISIS KOMPARATIF, HISTORIS, DAN IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN DI INDONESIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/iqtishaduna.v7i4.69083Abstract
ABSTRAK
Pajak merupakan instrumen sentral dalam sistem fiskal modern, namun landasan konseptual dan normatifnya masih diperdebatkan, khususnya ketika dikaji melalui perspektif ekonomi Islam. Penelitian ini melakukan analisis komparatif komprehensif terhadap konsep pajak dalam ekonomi konvensional dan Islam, mengintegrasikan bukti historis dari masa Rasulullah SAW dan Khulafa Al-Rasyidin dengan studi kasus kontemporer di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metodologi kualitatif-deskriptif berbasis tinjauan literatur sistematis, penelitian ini merujuk pada literatur ekonomi Islam klasik dan kontemporer serta analisis kebijakan empiris. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sementara teori pajak konvensional mengutamakan efisiensi penerimaan dan stabilisasi makroekonomi, arsitektur fiskal Islam menempatkan pajak (dharibah) sebagai instrumen kondisional dan komplementer yang tunduk pada mekanisme redistribusi primer berupa zakat, kharaj, jizyah, dan ushr. Bukti historis menunjukkan bahwa tata kelola fiskal pada masa awal Islam mencapai ekuitas substantif melalui institusi redistribusi terintegrasi khususnya Baitul Mal yang berlandaskan nilai keadilan ('adl), kemaslahatan (maslahah), dan akuntabilitas (amanah). Studi kasus kontemporer Indonesia terkait integrasi parsial zakat sebagai pengurang penghasilan kena pajak mengungkap kesenjangan struktural antara ideal normatif teori fiskal Islam dengan implementasi praktisnya. Temuan ini berkontribusi pada diskursus reformasi kebijakan fiskal menuju kerangka yang lebih berkeadilan dan berorientasi pada maqashid al-shari'ah.
Kata Kunci: pajak Islam; dharibah; zakat; kebijakan fiskal; maqashid al-shari'ah; ekonomi komparatif
ABSTRACT
Taxation constitutes a central instrument in modern fiscal systems, yet its conceptual and normative foundations remain contested when examined through the lens of Islamic economics. This study undertakes a comprehensive comparative analysis of taxation in conventional and Islamic economics, integrating historical evidence from the Prophetic and Caliphal periods with contemporary Indonesian case studies. Employing a qualitative-descriptive methodology grounded in systematic literature review, results indicate that while conventional tax theory prioritizes efficiency and macroeconomic stabilization, Islamic fiscal architecture positions discretionary tax (dharibah) as a conditional and complementary instrument, subordinate to zakat, kharaj, jizyah, and ushr. Historical evidence demonstrates that early Islamic fiscal governance achieved substantive equity through the integrated redistributive institution of the Baitul Mal, grounded in justice, welfare, and accountability. Contemporary Indonesian cases reveal a structural gap between normative Islamic fiscal theory and its implementation. The study contributes to the discourse on fiscal reform aligned with maqashid al-shari'ah.
Keywords: Islamic taxation; dharibah; zakat; fiscal policy; maqashid al-shari'ah; comparative economics
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Copyright (c) 2026 An Ras Try Astuti, Rawi Allan Iriandi, Muthia Nurul Fauziah, Rahmawati

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