TINJAUAN HUKUM ISLAM TERHADAP PEMBATALAN SEPIHAK TRANSAKSI PRE-ORDER DI MARKETPLACE

Abstract

Abstrak

Transformasi lanskap e-commerce memunculkan sistem Pre-Order (PO) sebagai instrumen mitigasi risiko kapital bagi pelaku Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (UMKM), karena barang diproduksi berdasarkan kuantitas pesanan yang pasti. Di sisi lain, fitur otomatisasi pembatalan pesanan (cancel order) yang disediakan platform digital kerap memicu pembatalan sepihak yang merugikan penjual, terutama ketika produksi telah berjalan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis karakteristik akad transaksi PO di marketplace serta status hukum dan implikasi yuridis pembatalan sepihaknya dalam perspektif hukum ekonomi syariah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan jenis riset kepustakaan (library research), menggunakan pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan perundang-undangan, serta dianalisis secara deskriptif-kualitatif dengan pola pikir deduktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa transaksi PO secara substantif bertumpu pada karakteristik akad salam (pembayaran lunas di muka) atau akad istishna' (barang manufaktur dengan pembayaran fleksibel). Pembatalan sepihak oleh pembeli setelah akad mencapai titik mengikat (akad lazim) tidak diperbolehkan karena mencederai asas kerelaan (an-taradhin) dan menimbulkan kerugian nyata (darar) bagi penjual, kecuali dibenarkan oleh alasan syar'i seperti cacat produk (khiyar 'aib) atau disepakati di awal melalui Terms of Service sebagai bentuk khiyar asy-syarth. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar pengembang marketplace merekonstruksi klausul baku pembatalan PO yang lebih adil bagi penjual dan meningkatkan literasi syariah bagi konsumen maupun pelaku usaha.

Kata Kunci: Pre-Order; pembatalan sepihak; akad salam; akad istishna'; e-commerce syariah

Abstract

The transformation of the e-commerce landscape has given rise to the Pre-Order (PO) system as a capital risk mitigation instrument for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), since goods are produced based on confirmed order quantities. At the same time, the automatic order cancellation feature provided by digital platforms often triggers unilateral cancellations that harm sellers, particularly once production has begun. This study analyzes the contractual characteristics of PO transactions on marketplaces and the legal status and juridical implications of their unilateral cancellation from the perspective of Islamic economic law. This is a normative legal study using a library research method, employing conceptual and statute approaches, and analyzed descriptively-qualitatively with deductive reasoning. The findings show that PO transactions are substantively rooted in the characteristics of the salam contract (full advance payment) or the istishna' contract (manufactured goods with flexible payment). Unilateral cancellation by the buyer after the contract becomes binding (lazim) is impermissible, as it violates the principle of mutual consent (an-taradhin) and causes real harm (darar) to the seller, unless justified by a valid shar'i reason such as a product defect (khiyar 'aib) or unless agreed upon in advance through the platform's Terms of Service as a form of khiyar asy-syarth. The study recommends that marketplace developers reconstruct standard PO cancellation clauses to be fairer to sellers and improve sharia literacy among both consumers and business actors.

Keywords: Pre-Order; unilateral cancellation; salam contract; istishna' contract; sharia e-commerce