METODE ISTINBĀṬ HUKUM BUNGA BANK PERSPEKTIF SYAIKH ALI JUM'AH DAN SYAIKH WAHBAH AZ-ZUHAILI; ANALISIS KOMPARATIF PENDEKATAN BAYANI, TA'LILI DAN ISTISLAHI

Abstract

Abstrak: Pembahasan mengenai hukum bunga bank merupakan salah satu diskursus penting dalam hukum ekonomi Islam era kontemporer. Terlebih lagi di era bunga bank menjadi isu sentral dan fundamental bagi umat Islam kaum urban. Munculnya tren hijrah di kalangan muslim perkotaan juga turut memantik naiknya pembahasan hukum bunga bank. Adanya perbedaan pandangan ulama mutakhir terhadap bunga bank tidak semata berkaitan dengan perbedaan hasil fatwa, tetapi justru menunjukkan adanya perbedaan metodologi istinbāṭ hukum yang digunakan dalam memahami nash dan realitas ekonomi di era modern. Oleh karenan adanya realitas itu, penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dan membandingkan konstruksi istinbāṭ hukum bunga bank perspektif Syaikh Ali Jum‘ah dan Syaikh Wahbah az-Zuhaili melalui pendekatan bayani, ta‘lili, dan istislahi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan dengan pendekatan normatif-komparatif. Data-datanya diperoleh dari karya-karya primer kedua tokoh di atas beserta literatur ushul fikih dan hukum ekonomi Islam. Adapun untuk analisisnya dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi penggunaan pendekatan tekstual, rasional-kausal, serta kemaslahatan dalam argumentasi hukum masing-masing tokoh. Dari hasil pengolahan data dan kajian epistimologi ushuli, konklusinya menunjukkan bahwa Syaikh Ali Jum‘ah lebih dominan menggunakan pendekatan istislahi dengan mempertimbangkan fungsi intermediasi perbankan modern, memperhitungkan maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah, serta melihat sisi kemaslahatan ekonomi masyarakat. Sementara untuk Syaikh Wahbah az-Zuhaili lebih dominan menggunakan pendekatan bayani dan ta‘lili dengan menempatkan bunga bank sebagai salah satu bentuk riba nasi’ah karena adanya tambahan yang disyaratkan atas pokok utang. Perbedaan hukum yang dihasilkan kedua tokoh tersebut tidak semata-mata disebabkan oleh adanya perbedaan dalil, melainkan karena perbedaan orientasi metodologis dalam memahami hubungan antara nash, ilat hukum, dan kemaslahatan.

Kata kunci: Bunga bank, Riba, Ali Jum‘ah, Wahbah az-Zuhaili, Ushul fikih.

Abstract: The legal status of bank interest remains one of the most debated issues in contemporary Islamic economic law. While the prohibition of ribā has long been established in Islamic jurisprudence, scholarly disagreement persists regarding whether modern bank interest should be classified as ribā or understood as a distinct financial instrument within the contemporary banking system. Existing studies have predominantly focused on the legal status of bank interest itself, whereas relatively little attention has been devoted to comparing the istinbāṭ al-aḥkām methodologies that underlie the divergent legal opinions of contemporary Muslim scholars. This study aims to examine and compare the legal reasoning employed by Shaykh Ali Jum'ah and Shaykh Wahbah al-Zuḥaylī in determining the legal status of bank interest through the perspectives of the bayānī (textual), taʿlīlī (causal-rational), and istiṣlāḥī (public interest-oriented) approaches. Employing a normative-comparative library research method, this study analyzes the primary works of both scholars alongside classical and contemporary literature on uṣūl al-fiqh and Islamic economic law. The analytical framework focuses on identifying the textual, causal, and public-interest considerations embedded within each scholar's legal argumentation. The findings demonstrate that Shaykh Ali Jum'ah predominantly adopts an istiṣlāḥī approach by emphasizing the intermediary function of modern banking, the objectives of Islamic law (maqāṣid al-sharīʿah), and broader socio-economic welfare. In contrast, Shaykh Wahbah al-Zuḥaylī primarily relies on the bayānī and taʿlīlī approaches, classifying bank interest as a form of ribā nasīʾah due to the predetermined increase imposed upon the principal of a loan. This study argues that the divergence between the two scholars does not merely stem from differences in scriptural evidence but, more fundamentally, from their distinct methodological orientations in constructing legal reasoning. Accordingly, the principal contribution of this study lies in shifting the focus of analysis from the legal product (fatwa) to the epistemological construction of istinbāṭ al-aḥkām underlying contemporary Islamic legal thought on bank interest.

Keywords: Bank Interest, Ribā, Ali Jum‘ah, Wahbah az-Zuhaili, Uṣūl al-Fiqh.