EFEKTIVITAS PENEGAKAN HUKUM POLAIRUD TERHADAP ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED, AND UNREGULATED (IUU) FISHING DI WILAYAH PERAIRAN SULAWESI SELATAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/iqtishaduna.v7i4.72342Abstract
Abstrak
Undang-Undang Nomor 45 Tahun 2009 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 2004 tentang Perikanan, yang secara eksplisit mengatur larangan dan sanksi pidana terhadap kegiatan penangkapan ikan tanpa izin, penggunaan alat tangkap yang merusak, serta pelanggaran ketentuan pelaporan dan pemantauan kapal perikanan tiga unsur yang persis mencerminkan definisi illegal, unreported, dan unregulated fishing. Kerangka ini diperkuat oleh Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2014 tentang Kelautan yang mengatur pembagian peran antarlembaga dalam keamanan dan penegakan hukum laut, serta Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2002 tentang Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia sebagai dasar kewenangan Direktorat Kepolisian Perairan dan Udara (Ditpolairud) untuk melakukan patroli, penyelidikan, dan penyidikan tindak pidana di wilayah perairan. Khusus untuk modus penangkapan ikan yang menggunakan bahan peledak yang akan terlihat menjadi pola dominan di perairan Sulawesi Selatan ketentuan pemidanaannya juga bersinggungan dengan Undang-Undang Darurat Nomor 12 Tahun 1951 tentang Senjata Api dan Bahan Peledak, dengan ancaman pidana yang jauh lebih berat dibanding pelanggaran perikanan administratif biasa. Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaturan hukum mengenai kewenangan Polairud dalam penegakan hukum terhadap Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing di perairan Sulawesi Selatan, ditinjau dari kerangka hukum internasional dan nasional yang berlaku. Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis efektivitas penegakan hukum yang dilakukan Polairud terhadap praktik IUU Fishing, khususnya destructive fishing, di perairan Sulawesi Selatan. Tipe penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian empiris, penelitian hukum empiris merupakan penelitian lapangan, seperti wawancara untuk memperoleh data dari narasumber terkait yang berkaitanya dengan permasalahan yang dikaji. Spesifikasi penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tipe deskriptif. Penelitian ini berlokasi di Direktorat Kepolisian Perairan dan Udara (Ditpolairud) Kepolisian Daerah Sulawesi Selatan, yang berkedudukan di Kota Makassar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Perlu dilakukan percepatan pembentukan Undang-Undang Keamanan Laut yang secara eksplisit mengatur batas wilayah kerja dan pembagian peran antara Polairud, Bakamla, TNI AL, dan PSDKP, agar tidak lagi bergantung pada peraturan sektoral yang terpisah-pisah. Melakukan koordinasi operasional di tingkat kewilayahan (Sulawesi Selatan/WPP-NRI 713) antara Ditpolairud, Bakamla Zona Tengah, Lantamal VI, dan Stasiun PSDKP Makassar, sebagai solusi jangka pendek sambil menunggu regulasi payung selesai. Perlu dilakukan engembangan strategi penyidikan berbasis follow the money/aktor kunci, agar penindakan tidak berhenti pada eksekutor lapangan (penyelam, nelayan buruh) tetapi menjangkau punggawa dan jaringan pemasok bahan peledak lintas negara dan Membangun program pemberdayaan ekonomi nelayan bekerja sama dengan pemerintah daerah dan Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, sebagai alternatif mata pencaharian agar tekanan ekonomi yang mendorong praktik destructive fishing dapat dikurangi.
Kata Kunci : IUU Fishing; Penegakan Hukum; Polairud.
Abstract
Law Number 45 of 2009 concerning the Amendment to Law Number 31 of 2004 on Fisheries explicitly regulates prohibitions and criminal sanctions against unlicensed fishing activities, the use of destructive fishing gear, and violations of vessel reporting and monitoring provisions—three elements that precisely reflect the definitions of illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing. This framework is reinforced by Law Number 32 of 2014 on Marine Affairs, which regulates the division of roles among institutions in maritime security and law enforcement, as well as Law Number 2 of 2002 on the Indonesian National Police, which serves as the legal basis for the authority of the Directorate of Water and Air Police (Ditpolairud) to conduct patrols, investigations, and inquiries into criminal offenses within maritime territory. Specifically regarding the modus operandi of fishing using explosives—which appears to be the dominant pattern in the waters of South Sulawesi—the applicable criminal provisions also intersect with Emergency Law Number 12 of 1951 on Firearms and Explosives, which carries far heavier criminal penalties than ordinary administrative fisheries violations.
This study aims to identify and analyze the legal arrangements concerning the authority of Polairud in enforcing the law against Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in the waters of South Sulawesi, examined from the perspective of applicable international and national legal frameworks. It also aims to identify and analyze the effectiveness of law enforcement carried out by Polairud against IUU Fishing practices, particularly destructive fishing, in the waters of South Sulawesi. The research method used is empirical legal research, which is field research involving interviews to obtain data from relevant informants related to the issues under study. The specification of this research is descriptive in nature. The research was conducted at the Directorate of Water and Air Police (Ditpolairud) of the South Sulawesi Regional Police, located in the city of Makassar.
The results of the study indicate that it is necessary to accelerate the formation of a Maritime Security Law that explicitly regulates the boundaries of jurisdiction and the division of roles among Polairud, Bakamla, the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL), and PSDKP (Fisheries Resources Monitoring), so that enforcement no longer depends on fragmented sectoral regulations. Operational coordination at the regional level (South Sulawesi/WPP-NRI 713) should be carried out among Ditpolairud, the Central Zone Bakamla, Lantamal VI, and the Makassar PSDKP Station as a short-term solution while the umbrella regulation is being finalized. It is also necessary to develop investigative strategies based on a "follow the money"/key-actor approach, so that enforcement does not stop at field-level executors (divers, fishing laborers) but reaches financiers ("punggawa") and cross-border explosives supply networks. Finally, an economic empowerment program for fishermen should be developed in cooperation with local governments and the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, as an alternative source of livelihood, so that the economic pressures driving destructive fishing practices can be reduced.
Keywords: IUU Fishing; Law Enforcement; Water and Air Police (Polairud).
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