KHIYAR MAJELIS DALAM EKSEKUSI AKAD JUAL BELI MELALUI SMART CONTRACT BERBASIS BLOCKCHAIN

Abstract

Abstrak

Perkembangan teknologi blockchain melahirkan smart contract sebagai mekanisme akad jual beli digital yang bersifat self-executing dan berjalan secara otomatis tanpa perantara. Karakter otomatis dan sulit diubah dalam smart contract menimbulkan persoalan ketika dihubungkan dengan konsep khiyar majelis yang memberikan hak kepada para pihak untuk melanjutkan atau membatalkan akad selama masih berada dalam satu majelis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji konsep khiyar majelis dalam fikih muamalah, menganalisis karakteristik smart contract berbasis blockchain, serta menilai hubungan antara keduanya dalam pelaksanaan akad jual beli digital. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual, komparatif, dan analitis-analogis. Data diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap hadis, literatur fikih, serta berbagai sumber akademik yang membahas smart contract dan blockchain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakter self-executing dan immutable pada smart contract berpotensi membatasi ruang pembatalan akad sebagaimana dikenal dalam khiyar majelis. Meskipun demikian, nilai perlindungan kehendak para pihak yang menjadi tujuan khiyar majelis masih dapat diakomodasi melalui mekanisme tertentu, seperti delay execution dan cancel option, sehingga tercipta keseimbangan antara efisiensi teknologi dan perlindungan hak para pihak dalam transaksi digital.

Kata Kunci: Khiyar Majelis, Smart Contract, Blockchain

Abstract

The development of blockchain technology has introduced smart contracts as a mechanism for digital sale and purchase agreements that are self-executing and operate automatically without intermediaries. The automatic and immutable nature of smart contracts raises concerns when associated with the concept of khiyar majlis, which grants contracting parties the right to continue or cancel a transaction while they remain within the same contractual session. This study aims to examine the concept of khiyar majlis in Islamic jurisprudence, analyze the characteristics of blockchain-based smart contracts, and assess the relationship between the two in digital sale and purchase transactions. This research employs a normative juridical method using conceptual, comparative, and analytical-analogical approaches. Data were collected through library research involving hadiths, classical Islamic legal literature, and academic sources discussing smart contracts and blockchain technology. The findings indicate that the self-executing and immutable characteristics of smart contracts may limit the opportunity to revoke agreements as recognized under khiyar majlis. Nevertheless, the protective values embodied in khiyar majlis may still be accommodated through mechanisms such as delay execution and cancel options, creating a balance between technological efficiency and the protection of parties’ rights in digital transactions.

Keywords: Khiyar Majlis, Smart Contract, Blockchain