TINJAUAN LITERATUR TERHADAP AKAD RAHN SEBAGAI INSTRUMEN PEMBIAYAAN BERBASIS SYARIAH

Abstrak

Abstrak

Akad Rahn merupakan instrumen pembiayaan syariah yang signifikan dalam sistem keuangan Islam, menawarkan alternatif bagi masyarakat yang membutuhkan dana cepat dengan menjaminkan aset berharga. Berbeda dengan pegadaian konvensional, Rahn beroperasi tanpa unsur riba, gharar (ketidakpastian), dan maysir (spekulasi). Pembentukan Pegadaian Syariah pada tahun 2003 merupakan respons terhadap kebutuhan pembiayaan syariah yang belum terakomodasi secara optimal oleh bank syariah karena keterbatasan sumber daya dan fasilitas pendukung. biaya pemeliharaan atau penyimpanan (fee ijarah) bukan bunga. Jika pinjaman dilunasi, barang dikembalikan; jika tidak, barang dapat dilelang untuk melunasi utang, dengan kelebihan hasil lelang dikembalikan kepada nasabah. Proses ini memastikan pembiayaan sesuai prinsip syariah dan memberikan perlindungan bagi kedua belah pihak. Keunggulan akad Rahn meliputi bebas riba, jaminan keamanan bagi pemberi pinjaman, hak kepemilikan tetap bagi pemilik barang, akses pembiayaan yang mudah, serta mendorong prinsip ta'awun (saling tolong-menolong). Meskipun demikian, implementasinya menghadapi tantangan internal seperti keterbatasan cabang dan sumber daya manusia, serta tantangan eksternal seperti persaingan dengan lembaga konvensional dan kurangnya literasi masyarakat. Penelitian terdahulu menegaskan efektivitas Rahn dalam membantu masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah mengakses pembiayaan tanpa melanggar prinsip syariah, serta kontribusinya terhadap sistem keuangan yang adil dan inklusif. Untuk pengembangan lebih lanjut, diperlukan peningkatan edukasi publik, pengawasan syariah yang ketat, dan inovasi produk.

Kata Kunci: Akad Rahn, Pembiayaan Syariah, Pegadaian Syariah, Instrumen Keuangan Islam.

Abstract

The Rahn contract is a significant sharia-compliant financing instrument in the Islamic financial system, offering an alternative for those in need of quick funds by pledging valuable assets. Unlike conventional pawnshops, Rahn operates without elements of usury (riba), gharar (uncertainty), and maysir (speculation). The establishment of Pegadaian Syariah in 2003 was a response to the need for sharia-compliant financing that had not been optimally accommodated by sharia banks due to limited resources and supporting facilities. Maintenance or storage fees (ijarah fees) are not interest. If the loan is repaid, the item is returned; if not, the item can be auctioned to settle the debt, with the excess auction proceeds returned to the customer. This process ensures financing is in accordance with sharia principles and provides protection for both parties. The advantages of the Rahn contract include being free from usury, guaranteeing security for the lender, permanent ownership rights for the owner of the item, easy access to financing, and promoting the principle of ta'awun (mutual assistance). However, its implementation faces internal challenges such as limited branches and human resources, as well as external challenges such as competition from conventional institutions and low public literacy. Previous research confirms Rahn's effectiveness in helping low-income communities access financing without violating Sharia principles, as well as its contribution to a fair and inclusive financial system. Further development requires increased public education, strict Sharia supervision, and product innovation.

Keywords: Rahn Contract, Sharia Financing, Sharia Pawnshops, Islamic Financial Instruments