ARSITEKTUR MAKROEKONOMI ISLAM: FONDASI HISTORIS ERA KENABIAN DAN KHULAFAUR RASYIDIN SERTA RELEVANSINYA TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN FISKAL DAN MONETER KONTEMPORER
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/iqtishaduna.v7i4.68465Abstrak
Abstrak
Sistem makroekonomi konvensional secara historis kerap rentan terhadap siklus krisis, ketidaksetaraan struktural yang mendalam, dan instabilitas finansial yang didorong oleh ekspansi utang berbasis bunga. Kondisi ini mendorong urgensi untuk menelaah kembali paradigma alternatif yang lebih berketahanan. Jurnal ini mengkaji fondasi sejarah dan arsitektur makroekonomi Islam yang secara sistematis dibangun pada masa Rasulullah SAW dan dilanjutkan pada era Khulafaur Rasyidin. Tujuan utama dari kajian ini adalah untuk merekonstruksi kerangka kebijakan fiskal, moneter, dan regulasi pasar klasik dalam Islam, serta mengevaluasi relevansi fundamentalnya terhadap tantangan ekonomi modern seperti pengetasan kemiskinan, stabilitas harga, penciptaan inklusi keuangan, dan keadilan distributif.
Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif historis dan analitis kritis dengan menelaah literatur klasik serta kajian kontemporer yang terindeks pada basis data bereputasi global seperti Scopus dan SINTA 1. Kerangka analisis berupaya menerjemahkan instrumen kebijakan awal Islam ke dalam terminologi makroekonomi modern untuk memfasilitasi perbandingan yang terstruktur.
Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa makroekonomi Islam sejak abad ke-7 Masehi telah memiliki struktur institusional yang sangat canggih dan komprehensif. Pada era Nabi Muhammad SAW, kebijakan diimplementasikan melalui manajemen terpusat Baitul Maal, pelarangan mutlak terhadap riba dan gharar, penolakan penetapan harga (tas'ir) yang sewenang-wenang guna menjaga ekuilibrium pasar, serta redistribusi kekayaan melalui instrumen zakat. Pada era Khulafaur Rasyidin, terjadi institusionalisasi sistem negara melalui pembentukan Diwan (sistem anggaran publik), penerapan pajak proporsional atas tanah (Kharaj) untuk memastikan keadilan antargenerasi, serta reformasi keadilan distributif yang ketat guna mencegah terbentuknya oligarki ekonomi.
Prinsip-prinsip makroekonomi klasik ini terbukti memiliki transponibilitas yang tinggi terhadap kebijakan modern. Kajian ini memposisikan instrumen seperti Zakat dan Wakaf sebagai penstabil otomatis (automatic stabilizers) yang bersifat kontra siklis, serta memperkuat pembiayaan sektor riil berbasis pembagian risiko guna memitigasi krisis ekonomi di masa depan.
Kata Kunci: Makroekonomi Islam, Sejarah Pemikiran Ekonomi, Kebijakan Fiskal, Khulafaur Rasyidin, Zakat, Keadilan Distributif.
Abstract
Conventional macroeconomic systems are historically vulnerable to cyclical crises, deep structural inequalities, and financial instability driven by interest-based debt expansion. This condition drives the urgency to reexamine more resilient alternative paradigms. This paper examines the historical foundations and macroeconomic architecture of Islam systematically established during the eras of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the Rightly Guided Caliphs (Khulafaur Rasyidin). The primary objective is to reconstruct the framework of classical Islamic fiscal, monetary, and market regulation policies, and to evaluate their fundamental relevance to modern economic challenges such as poverty alleviation, price stability, financial inclusion, and distributive justice.
This study employs a qualitative-historical and analytical-critical approach by reviewing classical literature and contemporary research indexed in globally reputable databases such as Scopus and SINTA 1. The analytical framework attempts to translate early Islamic policy instruments into modern macroeconomic terminology to facilitate structured comparison.
Findings indicate that Islamic macroeconomics possessed a highly sophisticated and comprehensive institutional structure as early as the 7th century CE. During the Prophetic era, policies were implemented through the centralized management of the Baitul Maal, the absolute prohibition of riba (usury) and gharar (excessive uncertainty), the rejection of arbitrary price-fixing (tas'ir) to maintain market equilibrium, and wealth redistribution via zakat. The Khulafaur Rasyidin era witnessed the institutionalization of the state system through the establishment of the Diwan (public budget system), the application of proportional land taxes (Kharaj) to ensure intergenerational equity, and strict distributive justice reforms to prevent the formation of an economic oligarchy.
These classical macroeconomic principles prove highly transposable to modern policy. This study positions instruments like Zakat and Waqf as counter-cyclical automatic stabilizers and reinforces risk-sharing-based real sector financing to mitigate future economic crises.
Keywords: Islamic Macroeconomics, History of Economic Thought, Fiscal Policy, Khulafaur Rasyidin, Zakat, Distributive Justice.
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Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Rawi Allan Iriandi, Syahriyah Semaun

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