TANGGUNG JAWAB PEJABAT PEMBUAT AKTA TANAH SEMENTARA (PPATS) TERHADAP AKTA JUAL BELI TANAH WARISAN TANPA PENANDATANGANAN SEMUA AHLI WARIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/iqtishaduna.v7i4.70804Abstrak
Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah Sementara (PPATS) merupakan pejabat umum yang berwenang membuat akta autentik mengenai perbuatan hukum tertentu atas tanah, termasuk Akta Jual Beli (AJB). Dalam praktiknya, pembuatan AJB tanah warisan dapat menimbulkan persoalan hukum apabila tidak melibatkan seluruh ahli waris sebagai pemegang hak bersama, sebagaimana terjadi pada Akta Jual Beli Nomor 021 Tahun 2018 yang dibuat tanpa penandatanganan semua ahli waris sehingga memicu sengketa dan ketidakpastian hukum. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis tanggung jawab hukum PPATS dalam pembuatan AJB tanah warisan tanpa persetujuan seluruh ahli waris serta akibat hukum yang ditimbulkannya. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum empiris dengan pendekatan yuridis empiris, melalui penelitian lapangan dan kepustakaan, dengan sampel PPATS serta ahli waris/keluarga ahli waris, dan informan dari Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN) serta Ikatan Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (IPPAT), yang dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif analitis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PPATS bertanggung jawab menerapkan prinsip kehati-hatian, namun dalam kasus ini lalai melakukan verifikasi menyeluruh terhadap struktur ahli waris, termasuk ahli waris pengganti, sehingga tidak memastikan legalitas subjek hukum, kelengkapan dokumen kewarisan, dan persetujuan seluruh ahli waris. Akibatnya, AJB tersebut mengandung cacat hukum secara materiel dan dapat dimintakan pembatalan, ahli waris yang tidak dilibatkan tetap memiliki hak atas bagian warisnya, pembeli kehilangan kepastian hukum karena tidak dapat melakukan balik nama di Kantor Pertanahan, serta PPATS berpotensi dimintai pertanggungjawaban hukum apabila terbukti lalai. Oleh karena itu, keterlibatan seluruh ahli waris merupakan syarat substantif yang harus dipenuhi untuk menjamin keabsahan akta dan kepastian hukum di bidang pertanahan.
Kata Kunci: Tanggung Jawab Hukum, PPATS, Akta Jual Beli, Tanah Warisan, Ahli Waris.
A Temporary Land Deed Official (Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah Sementara/PPATS) is a public official authorized to execute authentic deeds concerning certain legal acts related to land, including the Deed of Sale and Purchase (Akta Jual Beli/AJB). In practice, the execution of a Deed of Sale and Purchase involving inherited land may give rise to legal issues when it does not involve all heirs as joint right holders, as occurred in Deed of Sale and Purchase Number 021 of 2018, which was executed without the signatures of all heirs, resulting in legal disputes and uncertainty. This study aims to analyze the legal responsibility of the PPATS in executing a Deed of Sale and Purchase of inherited land without the consent of all heirs and to examine the legal consequences arising from such deed. This research employs an empirical legal research method with an empirical juridical approach through field and library research. The research samples consist of PPATS and heirs/the heirs' family members, while the informants include officials of the National Land Agency (Badan Pertanahan Nasional/BPN) and the Association of Land Deed Officials (Ikatan Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah/IPPAT). The data were analyzed qualitatively using a descriptive-analytical approach. The results indicate that the PPATS bears legal responsibility to apply the principle of prudence; however, in this case, the PPATS failed to comprehensively verify the structure of the heirs, including substitute heirs, thereby failing to ensure the legality of the legal subjects, the completeness of inheritance documents, and the consent of all heirs. Consequently, the Deed of Sale and Purchase is materially defective and may be subject to annulment. The heirs who were not involved retain their inheritance rights, the purchaser loses legal certainty because the transfer of title cannot be registered at the Land Office, and the PPATS may be held legally liable if proven negligent. Therefore, the involvement of all heirs constitutes a substantive requirement to ensure the validity of the deed and legal certainty in the field of land law.
Keywords: Legal Responsibility, Temporary Land Deed Official (PPATS), Sale and Purchase Deed, Inherited Land, Heirs.
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Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Farida Sukma, Darmawan, Ilyas Ismail

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