TEORI KEADILAN ANTARGENERASI: MENGGAGAS SUBJEK HUKUM BAGI GENERASI YANG BELUM LAHIR DALAM KRISIS IKLIM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/iqtishaduna.v7i4.70809Abstrak
Abstrak
Krisis iklim menempatkan kepentingan generasi yang belum lahir dalam posisi rentan karena keputusan hukum dan kebijakan hari ini akan menentukan kondisi ekologis yang mereka warisi, sementara mereka sendiri tidak memiliki suara dalam proses pengambilan keputusan tersebut. Artikel ini mengkaji perkembangan teori keadilan antargenerasi dan menggagas model subjek hukum bagi generasi yang belum lahir sebagai respons terhadap krisis iklim. Dengan metode penelitian hukum normatif melalui pendekatan konseptual, pendekatan perundang-undangan, dan pendekatan perbandingan, artikel ini menemukan bahwa keadilan antargenerasi telah berkembang dari prinsip etis dalam Deklarasi Stockholm 1972 menjadi prinsip hukum yang semakin operatif, sebagaimana ditegaskan dalam Pasal 3 ayat (1) Konvensi Kerangka Kerja PBB tentang Perubahan Iklim dan Advisory Opinion Mahkamah Internasional tertanggal 23 Juli 2025. Namun, persoalan filosofis mengenai status subjek hukum bagi entitas yang belum ada tetap menjadi tantangan konseptual yang belum terpecahkan akibat problem non-identitas. Kajian atas preseden global, mulai dari Oposa v. Factoran di Filipina, gerakan rights of nature, Komisioner Generasi Mendatang Wales, hingga Deklarasi PBB tentang Generasi Mendatang 2024, menunjukkan bahwa model perwalian atau representasi kelembagaan merupakan alternatif yang lebih realistis dibandingkan pemberian status subjek hak secara langsung kepada individu yang belum ada. Artikel ini merekomendasikan pembentukan lembaga wali amanat generasi mendatang di Indonesia, perluasan interpretasi konstitusional oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi, penerapan model rights of nature pada ekosistem strategis, serta reformasi hukum acara untuk memperluas hak gugat berbasis kepentingan generasi mendatang.
Kata Kunci: keadilan antargenerasi; krisis iklim; rights of nature
Abstract
The climate crisis places the interests of unborn generations in a vulnerable position, as today's legal and policy decisions will determine the ecological conditions they inherit, while they themselves have no voice in that decision-making process. This article examines the development of intergenerational justice theory and proposes a legal subject model for unborn generations in response to the climate crisis. Using normative legal research through conceptual, statutory, and comparative approaches, this article finds that intergenerational justice has evolved from an ethical principle in the 1972 Stockholm Declaration into an increasingly operative legal principle, as affirmed in Article 3(1) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the International Court of Justice's Advisory Opinion of 23 July 2025. However, the philosophical question of legal subject status for entities that do not yet exist remains an unresolved conceptual challenge due to the non-identity problem. An examination of global precedents, from Oposa v. Factoran in the Philippines, the rights-of-nature movement, the Future Generations Commissioner for Wales, to the 2024 UN Declaration on Future Generations, indicates that institutional guardianship or representation is a more realistic alternative than directly granting rights-holder status to individuals who do not yet exist. This article recommends establishing a future-generations guardian institution in Indonesia, expanding constitutional interpretation by the Constitutional Court, applying the rights-of-nature model to strategic ecosystems, and reforming procedural law to broaden legal standing based on the interests of future generations.
Keywords: intergenerational justice; climate crisis; rights of nature
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Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Wahyu Amir Pallapa, Rizal, Mira Nila Kusuma Dewi, Agus Rahman Jaya, Mohamad Syukur

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