Qardh and Dain Amidst the Vortex of Bank Interest: A Conceptual-Normative Reconstruction of Islamic Commercial Jurisprudence (Fiqh Muamalah)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/iqtisaduna.v12i2.73097Keywords:
Qardh, Dain, Hybrid Contract, Sharia Financial GovernanceAbstract
This study analyzes the differences between Qardh and Dain in fiqh muamalah, MUI Fatwa No. 1 of 2004 on Interest (Fa'idah), and DSN-MUI Fatwas No. 19/2001 and No. 79/2011 on Qardh, including their use in hybrid (multi-akad) schemes. Using a qualitative normative-juridical method based on library research, it finds that Qardh is a purely gratuitous (tabarru') contract that permits no additional profit, whereas Dain is a broader payment obligation that can arise from commercial (mu'awadhah) contracts such as murabahah or ijarah. Several misapplications were identified in practice: percentage-based administrative fees, bundling of ujrah with the Qardh principal in hybrid products (Hajj bridging funds, gold-backed pawning), and commercialization of Qardh al-hasan. The study recommends separating the social (tabarru') and commercial (tijarah) functions of Islamic financial institutions, adopting real-cost transparency standards, and strengthening OJK and DSN-MUI technical regulations to prevent ujrah manipulation.
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