If scientific misconduct, fraudulent publication, or plagiarism is suspected, we will conduct a thorough investigation and respond with appropriate measures. Depending on the severity of the issue, this may involve:

• Publishing an erratum for minor errors

• Issuing a retraction for serious violations

• Providing clarifications as needed

We do not permit redundant publication or "self-plagiarism" unless explicitly approved by the editor-in-chief, with proper attribution to the original work.

All decisions regarding corrections or retractions follow the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Retraction Guidelines:

• Corrigenda correct mistakes made by authors

• Errata address errors introduced by the journal

• Retractions are reserved for major inaccuracies, ethical violations, or plagiarism

For full details, refer to COPE’s guidelines: Retraction Guidelines.