STUDI KOMPARATIF METODE ISTINBATH MAZHAB SYAFI'I DAN HANAFI DALAM MASALAH MUAMALAH KONTEMPORER

Abstract

Abstrak

Perkembangan muamalah kontemporer memunculkan bentuk transaksi baru yang belum sepenuhnya terakomodasi dalam metodologi fikih klasik, sehingga menimbulkan pertanyaan mengenai bagaimana metode istinbath Mazhab Syafi’i dan Hanafi dapat digunakan untuk menjawab problem ekonomi modern. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi perbedaan dan persamaan metode istinbath kedua mazhab serta menilai relevansinya dalam isu kontemporer seperti transaksi digital, akad daring, dan aset digital. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif berbasis studi kepustakaan melalui analisis komparatif terhadap literatur ushul fikih klasik dan kajian kontemporer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua mazhab sama-sama berpegang pada Al-Qur’an, Sunnah, ijma’, dan qiyas, dengan Mazhab Syafi’i yang lebih tekstual dan ketat, sementara Mazhab Hanafi lebih rasional dan fleksibel melalui penerapan istihsan dan ‘urf. Perbedaan ini menghasilkan variasi penetapan hukum pada kasus digital seperti e-wallet, jual beli online, dan cryptocurrency. Penelitian ini menyarankan integrasi antara kehati-hatian metodologis Syafi’i dan fleksibilitas Hanafi sebagai dasar perumusan hukum muamalah modern yang adaptif serta sesuai prinsip syariah.

Kata Kunci: Istinbath hukum, Mazhab Syafi’i, Mazhab Hanafi, Muamalah Kontemporer, Transaksi digital

Abstract

Contemporary muamalah developments have given rise to new forms of transactions that are not fully accommodated in classical fiqh methodology, raising questions about how the istinbath methods of the Shafi'i and Hanafi schools of thought can be used to address modern economic problems. This study aims to identify the differences and similarities between the istinbath methods of the two schools of thought and assess their relevance to contemporary issues such as digital transactions, online contracts, and digital assets. The study uses a qualitative approach based on a literature review through a comparative analysis of classical usul fiqh literature and contemporary studies. The results show that both schools adhere to the Qur'an, Sunnah, ijma', and qiyas, with the Shafi'i school being more textual and strict, while the Hanafi school is more rational and flexible through the application of istihsan and 'urf. These differences result in variations in the determination of laws in digital cases such as e-wallets, online buying and selling, and cryptocurrency. This research suggests integrating the methodological caution of the Shafi'i school with the flexibility of the Hanafi school as the basis for formulating adaptive modern muamalah laws that are consistent with Shariah principles.

Keywords: Legal istinbath, Mazhab Syafi’i, Mazhab Hanafi, Contemporary muamalah, Digital transactions