Between Regulation and Reality: Reflections on State Responsibility and the Effectiveness of Criminal Law in Dealing with Cybercrime in Indonesia
Keywords:
cybercrime, state responsibility, criminal law, personal data protectionAbstract
The development of information technology has brought about complex legal consequences, particularly in the field of cyber criminal law. The case of personal data leaks by a hacker known as Bjorka in 2022, the ransomware attack on Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) in 2023, and the leak at the National Data Centre in 2024 highlight the weakness of cyber security systems and the state's suboptimal responsibility in protecting personal data. This study aims to analyse the effectiveness of Indonesian criminal law in combating cybercrime and the state's responsibility in ensuring digital security for the community. Using a normative legal research method, data was obtained through a review of legislation, literature, and actual cases. The results of the study show that Indonesian criminal law, particularly through Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law) as amended by Law No. 19 of 2016, as well as Law No. 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection, has not been able to provide an adequate deterrent effect due to weak law enforcement, limited cyber resources, and the absence of a clear state accountability mechanism in cases of public data leaks. Therefore, it is necessary to reconstruct criminal law policies and strengthen digital forensic capabilities so that the protection of personal data in cyberspace can be effectively guaranteed.
References
Angnesia, Khetrina Maria, and Sidi Ahyar Wiraguna, ‘Analisis Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Pemerintah Dalam Menegakkan Pelindungan Data Pribadi Di Era Digital’, Perspektif Administrasi Publik Dan Hukum, 2.2 (2025), 176–87
Annisya Diandra, Mohammad Hatta Muarabagja, Sukma Kanthi Nurani, Adinda Alya Izdihar, dan Novali Panji Nugroho, ‘Polemik Data Pribadi: 5 Kasus Kebocoran Data Di Indonesia Selama 2023-2024’, Tempo, 2025 <https://www.tempo.co/digital/polemik-data-pribadi-5-kasus-kebocoran-data-di-indonesia-selama-2023-2024-2052924>
Ba’abud, Mohammad Fadel Roihan, ‘Penerapan Prinsip Yurisdiksi Ekstrateritorial Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Pencurian Data Pribadi Yang Dilakukan Secara Lintas Batas Negara’ (Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2023)
Budiyanto, S H, Pengantar Cybercrime Dalam Sistem Hukum Pidana Di Indonesia (Sada Kurnia Pustaka, 2025)
Cahyono, Soetardi Tri, Wina Erni, and Taufik Hidayat, ‘RIKONSTRUKSI HUKUM PIDANA TERHADAP KEJAHATAN SIBER (CYBER CRIME) DALAM SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA INDONESIA: Rekonstruksi Hukum Pidana Terhadap Kejahatan Siber (Cyber Crime) Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Indonesia’, Dame Journal of Law, 1.1 (2025), 1–23
Chotimah, Hidayat Chusnul, ‘Tata Kelola Keamanan Siber Dan Diplomasi Siber Indonesia Di Bawah Kelembagaan Badan Siber Dan Sandi Negara [Cyber Security Governance and Indonesian Cyber Diplomacy by National Cyber and Encryption Agency]’, Jurnal Politica Dinamika Masalah Politik Dalam Negeri Dan Hubungan Internasional, 10.2 (2019), 113–28
Dinda, Adinda Lola Sariani, ‘Efektivitas Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Kejahatan Siber Di Indonesia’, AL-DALIL: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik, Dan Hukum, 2.2 (2024), 69–77
Hapsari, Rian Dwi, and Kuncoro Galih Pambayun, ‘Ancaman Cybercrime Di Indonesia: Sebuah Tinjauan Pustaka Sistematis’, Jurnal Konstituen, 5.1 (2023), 1–17
Hardiansyah, Zulfikar, ‘Kronologi Layanan BSI Eror, Down Berhari-Hari Dan “Dipalak” Hacker Ransomware Ratusan Miliar’, Kompas, 2023 <https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2023/05/17/09010077/kronologi-layanan-bsi-eror-down-berhari-hari-dan-dipalak-hacker-ransomware> [accessed 20 September 2025]
Henakin, Anna Stefania Peni, I Made Kantikha, Helvis Helvis, Horadin Saragih, and Tuti Elawati, ‘Pelindungan Hukum Terhadap Kebocoran Data Pribadi Peserta Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Ketenagakerjaan’, Almufi Jurnal Sosial Dan Humaniora, 2.2 (2025), 117–28
Ilyasi, Ach, GOVERNANSI DIGITAL Transformasi Digital Dalam Administrasi Publik (Penerbit Widina, 2025)
Judijanto, Loso, ‘Hukum Pidana Dan Kejahatan Siber:: Menanggulangi Ancaman Kejahatan Digital Di Era Teknologi’, Indonesian Research Journal on Education, 5.1 (2025), 968–72
Khairunnisa, Puteri Ananda, Norul Annisa, and Jadiaman Parhusip, ‘Perancangan Sistem Keamanan Jaringan Berbasis Cybersecurity Untuk Mitigasi Ancaman Siber Pada Infrastruktur TI: Studi Kasus Di Indonesia’, Teknik: Jurnal Ilmu Teknik Dan Informatika, 4.2 (2024), 9–16
Kholis, Ilman Maulana, ‘Perlindungan Data Pribadi Dan Keamanan Siber Di Sektor Perbankan: Studi Kritis Atas Penerapan UU PDP Dan UU ITE Di Indonesia’, Staatsrecht: Jurnal Hukum Kenegaraan Dan Politik Islam, 4.2 (2024), 275–99
Kriswandaru, Althea Serafim, Berliant Pratiwi, and Suwardi Suwardi, ‘Efektivitas Kebijakan Perlindungan Data Pribadi Di Indonesia: Analisis Hukum Perdata Dengan Pendekatan Studi Kasus’, Hakim: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Sosial, 2.4 (2024), 740–56
Najwa, Fadhila Rahman, ‘Analisis Hukum Terhadap Tantangan Keamanan Siber: Studi Kasus Penegakan Hukum Siber Di Indonesia’, AL-BAHTS: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik, Dan Hukum, 2.1 (2024), 8–16
Rai, I Nyoman Aji Suadhana, Dudy Heryadi, and Asep Kamaluddin, ‘The Role of Indonesia to Create Security and Resilience in Cyber Spaces [Peran Indonesia Dalam Membentuk Keamanan Dan Ketahanan Di Ruang Siber]’, Jurnal Politica Dinamika Masalah Politik Dalam Negeri Dan Hubungan Internasional, 13.1 (2022), 43–66
Ramadanti, Nadira Karisma, ‘Strategi Pemberantasan Cybercrime Lintas Batas: Implementasi Mekanisme Mutual Legal Assistance Berdasarkan Permenkumham Nomor 12 Tahun 2022’, Padjadjaran Law Review, 12.2 (2024), 184–95
Rizaldi, M Zaki, Rizki Dwi Putra, and Asmak Ul Hosnah, ‘Analisis Kasus Cybercrime Dengan Studi Kasus Hacker Bjorka Terhadap Pembocoran Data’, JUSTITIA Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Humaniora, 6.2 (2023), 619–27
Saputra, Rizqiya Windy, ‘A Survey of Cyber Crime in Indonesia’, in 2016 International Conference on ICT For Smart Society (ICISS) (IEEE, 2016), pp. 1–5
Schmitt, Michael N, Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations (Cambridge University Press, 2017)
‘Serangan Digital Di Indonesia Tembus 139 Kasus Pada Awal 2025’, GoodStats, 2025 <https://data.goodstats.id/statistic/serangan-digital-di-indonesia-tembus-139-kasus-pada-awal-2025-ZPFZl>
Usman, Noval, and Satria Unggul Wicaksana Prakasa, ‘Perlindungan Hukum Data Pribadi Dan Pertanggungjawaban Otoritas Terhadap Keamanan Siber Menurut Tinjauan UU PDP’, DOKTRINA: JOURNAL OF LAW, 7.2 (2024), 178–201
Waluyadi, Waluyadi, ‘Law Enforcement Against Cyber Crimes in Indonesia: Analysis of the Role of the ITE Law in Handling Cyber Crimes’
Wicaksono, Agung Tri, and Ikhsan Fatah Yasin, ‘Criminal Law Reformulation Through Omnibus Law as a Solution to Sectoral Cyber Protection: Reformulasi Hukum Pidana Melalui Omnibus Law Sebagai Solusi Perlindungan Siber Yang Bersifat Sektoral’, Al-Jinayah: Jurnal Hukum Pidana Islam, 10.2 (2024), 237–61
Wijaya, Johan, Aji Titin Roswitha Nursanthy, and Muhammad Arganata Thamrin, ‘PERLINDUNGAN TERHADAP DATA PRIBADI DALAM BERSELANCAR DI DUNIA MAYA’, The Juris, 8.2 (2024), 638–44
Wuwungan, Meyse Stevely Sisilia, ‘PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PEMILIK DATA PRIBADI PENGGUNA TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI AKIBAT TINDAK PIDANA PERETASAN’, LEX PRIVATUM, 13.4 (2024)
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 M. Chaerul Risal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
