Attributing Criminal Liability for AI-Based Credit Scoring Misuse in Digital Lending
A Juridical Qualification Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/al-risalah.v26i2.68664Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence; AI Governance; Financial Technology; Digital Lending; Cybercrime; Electronic Evidence; Corporate Criminal Liability.Abstract
The rapid digital transformation of Indonesia's banking sector has accelerated the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based credit scoring systems to improve lending efficiency and risk assessment. While previous studies have predominantly examined AI implementation from technological, consumer protection, or financial regulatory perspectives, limited attention has been devoted to the legal qualification of AI-based credit scoring abuse as a criminal offence and the attribution of criminal liability within Indonesia's digital lending framework. This study addresses this gap by analyzing the legal qualification of such misconduct and examining the attribution of criminal liability through the ratio decidendi of Court Decision Number 438/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Jkt.Utr. Employing normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, this study finds that the manipulation of AI-based credit scoring constitutes a hybrid criminal offence that simultaneously violates Article 49 paragraph (1) letter a of the Indonesian Banking Law and Article 35 of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law. The study further demonstrates that criminal liability remains attributable to natural persons (natuurlijke persoon) possessing mens rea, whereas AI functions solely as an instrument of the offence rather than as a legal subject. This research contributes to the development of Indonesian criminal law by providing a legal framework for classifying AI-assisted financial crimes and clarifying the attribution of criminal liability in technology-driven financial services. Practically, the findings support the strengthening of AI governance, regulatory harmonization, digital evidence management, and risk supervision within Indonesia's digital financial ecosystem following the enactment of Law Number 4 of 2023 on the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector.
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