Reconstructing Legal Protection for Mortgage Debtors Against Exoneration Clauses in Bank–Developer Agreements
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/al-risalah.v26i2.70206Keywords:
Legal Protection;Abstract
The application of exoneration clauses in cooperation agreements between banks and property developers in housing loan (Kredit Pemilikan Rumah or KPR) financing has the potential to create an imbalance of rights and obligations, particularly for debtors as consumers of financial services. Such clauses are frequently used as instruments to limit or transfer the bank's liability, potentially conflicting with the principles of substantive justice, proportionality, and consumer protection. This study aims to analyze the legal boundaries between banking business efficiency strategies and the abuse of circumstances (misbruik van omstandigheden) in the implementation of exoneration clauses, as well as to formulate a reconstructed model of legal protection for KPR debtors. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The legal materials consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources, which are analyzed using a prescriptive legal approach. The findings indicate that exoneration clauses that unilaterally transfer liability to debtors are inconsistent with Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and disregard the principles of good faith, fairness, and contractual balance under Indonesian contract law. Therefore, the reconstruction of legal protection should be carried out through stricter limitations on the use of exoneration clauses, the implementation of a proportional allocation of risks among banks, developers, and debtors, and strengthened supervision of standard-form agreements in the banking sector. Such measures are expected to enhance legal certainty, justice, and effective legal protection for housing loan debtors.
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