Non-Muslim Leadership in Local Democracy
A Comparative Reading of Yusuf al-Qaradawi and Sayyid Qutb in the 2024 Pematangsiantar Mayoral Election
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/al-risalah.v26i2.72804Keywords:
Islamic political jurisprudence; non-Muslim leadership; Pematangsiantar mayoral election; Sayyid Qutb; Yusuf al-QaradawiAbstract
The requirement of Islam as a qualification for political leadership remains a contested issue in contemporary Islamic political jurisprudence, particularly within plural and democratic nation-states. This article compares Yusuf al-Qaradawi and Sayyid Qutb on non-Muslim leadership and examines the implications of their respective frameworks in the context of the 2024 Pematangsiantar mayoral election. Using a descriptive-comparative qualitative design with normative and case-study approaches, the study draws on the primary works of both thinkers, election-related documents, and semi-structured interviews with six Muslim voters in Pematangsiantar. The findings show that al-Qaradawi, through fiqh al-muwazanah and fiqh al-awlawiyyat, differentiates public offices according to the character of their authority and allows a contextual balancing of benefit and harm. Qutb, through al-hakimiyyah and his interpretation of Qur'an 5:51, places political loyalty and leadership within a stricter theological framework of divine sovereignty. Their divergence reflects different interpretive methodologies and conceptions of the relationship between religion and politics. In plural Pematangsiantar, these frameworks produce different normative implications for local executive elections, a variation also reflected in the interview responses.
References
Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Abu 'Abdillah. Musnad al-Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Edited by Syu'aib al-Arnauth et al. Beirut: Mu'assasah al-Risalah, 1421 H/2001 M.
Al-Bukhari, Muhammad ibn Ismail. Shahih al-Bukhari. Edited by Muhammad Zuhair ibn Nasir al-Nasir. n.p.: Dar Thawq al-Najah, 1422 H.
Al-Jurjani, Ali ibn Muhammad. al-Ta'rifat. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyyah, 1983.
Al-Majlis al-Urubbi li al-Ifta' wa al-Buhuth. Qararat wa Fatawa al-Majlis al-Urubbi li al-Ifta' wa al-Buhuth, al-Dawrah al-Thalithah. Dublin: ECFR, 2000.
Al-Maududi, Abul A'la. Nazhariyyah al-Islam al-Siyasiyyah. Cairo: Dar al-Anshar, 1969.
Al-Mawardi, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad. al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah wa al-Wilayat al-Diniyyah. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyyah, 1985.
Al-Nasa'i, Ahmad ibn Syu'aib. al-Sunan al-Kubra. Edited by Hassan 'Abd al-Mun'im Shalabi. Beirut: Mu'assasah al-Risalah, 2001.
Al-Nawawi, Muhyiddin Yahya. Rawdhah al-Thalibin. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islami, 1991.
Al-Qaradhawi, Yusuf. al-Fiqh al-Siyasi al-Islami: Syari'ah wa al-Siyasah. Cairo: Maktabah Wahbah, 2009.
Al-Qaradhawi, Yusuf. Fiqh al-Aqalliyyat al-Muslimah. Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, n.d.
Al-Qaradhawi, Yusuf. Fiqh al-Awlawiyyat: Dirasah Jadidah fi Dhaw' al-Qur'an wa al-Sunnah. Cairo: Maktabah Wahbah, 1996.
Al-Qaradhawi, Yusuf. Fiqh al-Dawlah fi al-Islam: Makanatuha, Ma'alimuha, Thabi'atuha, Mawqifuha min al-Dimuqrathiyyah wa al-Ta'addudiyyah wa al-Mar'ah wa Ghair al-Muslimin. Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 1997.
Al-Qaradhawi, Yusuf. Ibn al-Qaryah wa al-Kuttab: Malamih Sirah wa Masirah. 2 vols. Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 2002.
Al-Qur'an al-Karim and Terjemahnya. Jakarta: Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia, 2019.
Al-Qurtubi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad. al-Jami' li Ahkam al-Qur'an. Cairo: Dar al-Kutub al-Mishriyyah, 1964.
Al-Suyuthi, Jalal al-Din. al-Asybah wa al-Nazha'ir. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyyah, 1983.
Al-Syathibi, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim. al-Muwafaqat fi Ushul al-Syari'ah. Edited by Abdullah Darraz. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyyah, n.d.
Al-Thabari, Ibn Jarir. Jami' al-Bayan fi Ta'wil Ayi al-Qur'an. Cairo: Mu'assasah al-Risalah, 2000.
An-Na'im, Abdullahi Ahmed. Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Shari'a. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008.
Auda, Jasser. Maqasid al-Shariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach. London: IIIT, 2008.
Azra, Azyumardi. "The Resurgence of Religious Conservatism in Indonesia." Al-Jamiah: Journal of Islamic Studies 56, No. 1 (2018): 1–24.
Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Pematangsiantar. Pematangsiantar Dalam Angka 2024. Pematangsiantar: BPS, 2024.
Calvert, John. Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
Haikal, Muhammad Husain. al-Siddiq Abu Bakr. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1988.
Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman. Muqaddimah Ibn Khaldun. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, n.d.
Ibn Qudamah al-Maqdisi. al-Mughni. 3rd ed. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1984.
Ibn Taimiyyah, Taqiyuddin Ahmad. al-Siyasah al-Syar'iyyah fi Ishlah al-Ra'i wa al-Ra'iyyah. Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifah, n.d.
Iqbal, Muhammad, and Amin Husein Nasution. Pemikiran Politik Islam dari Masa Klasik hingga Indonesia Kontemporer. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group, 2010.
Komisi Pemilihan Umum Kota Pematangsiantar. Data Hasil Rekapitulasi Pilkada Kota Pematangsiantar 2024. Pematangsiantar: KPU, 2024.
Lambton, Ann K.S. State and Government in Medieval Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.
Ludiansyah. “Pandangan Yusuf al-Qaradawi tentang Demokrasi.” Undergraduate thesis, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 2004. https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/35652/.
Maarif, Ahmad Syafii. Islam dan Masalah Kenegaraan: Studi tentang Percaturan dalam Konstituante. Jakarta: LP3ES, 1996.
Manurung, Marzuki, Nazwa Nadia, Hidayatul Munawwarah, and Rizky Maulana. “Islam dan Demokrasi: Pergulatan Pemikiran Politik dari Qutb hingga Huwaidi.” Politea: Jurnal Politik Islam 8, no. 2 (2025). https://doi.org/10.20414/politea.v8i2.14208.
Mietzner, Marcus, and Burhanuddin Muhtadi. "Explaining the 2016 Islamist Mobilisation in Indonesia." Asian Studies Review 42, No. 3 (2018): 479–497. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2018.1473335.
Mohamad, Mohd Nasran bin. "Fiqh al-Aqalliyyat: Kajian Terhadap Pandangan Yusuf al-Qaradhawi." Master's thesis, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 2002.
Moussalli, Ahmad. Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: The Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1992.
Muania, Irma. “Studi terhadap Pemikiran Yusuf al-Qaradawi tentang Sistem Pemilihan Pemimpin dan Relevansinya dengan Sistem Pemilihan Presiden di Indonesia.” Undergraduate thesis, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 2005. https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/36496/.
Muhtadi, Burhanuddin. Populisme Islam dan Pemilihan Umum. Jakarta: Mizan, 2019.
Musallam, Adnan. From Secularism to Jihad: Sayyid Qutb and the Foundations of Radical Islamism. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005.
Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj al-Qusyairi al-Naisaburi. Shahih Muslim. Edited by Muhammad Fu'ad Abd al-Baqi. Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turats al-'Arabi, n.d.
Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza. Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Pahri, Ripyal. “Demokrasi; Pemilihan Umum dan Kriteria Pemimpin Perspektif Yusuf al-Qaradhawi.” Undergraduate thesis, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2017. https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/36765.
Qutb, Sayyid. al-'Adalah al-Ijtima'iyyah fi al-Islam. 15th ed. Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 2006.
Qutb, Sayyid. al-Islam wa Musykilat al-Hadharah. Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 1988.
Qutb, Sayyid. al-Salam al-'Alami wa al-Islam. 10th ed. Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 2001.
Qutb, Sayyid. Fi Zhilal al-Qur'an. 6 vols. 17th ed. Cairo-Beirut: Dar al-Shuruq, 1412 H.
Qutb, Sayyid. Ma'alim fi al-Thariq. 16th ed. Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 2009.
Ramadan, Tariq. In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Ramadan, Tariq. Radical Reform: Islamic Ethics and Liberation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Shepard, William. "Sayyid Qutb's Doctrine of Jahiliyya." International Journal of Middle East Studies 35, No. 4 (2003): 521–545. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743803000229.
Syamsuddin, M. Din. Etika Agama dalam Membangun Masyarakat Madani. Jakarta: Logos, 2000.
Syamsuddin, M. Din. Islam and Politics in Indonesia: The Political Thought of Abdurrahman Wahid. Doctoral dissertation, UCLA, 1995.
Tamam, Husam. Yusuf al-Qaradhawi: al-Faqih wa al-Syaikh. Egypt: Mu'assasah al-Wathan li al-Nasyr wa al-Tawzi', 2012.
Wadi, Muhammad Sakinul. “Kedudukan Pemilih dalam Pemilihan Umum Menurut Yusuf al-Qardhawy.” Undergraduate thesis, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 2010.
Wahbah al-Zuhaili. Ushul al-Fiqh al-Islami. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr al-Mu'ashir, 1986.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Dwijaya, Syaiful Amri
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
