Authorship Criteria

Authorship

Authorship Criteria Bulletin of Economic Studies (BEST)

To ensure transparency, fairness, and accountability in scientific publishing, our journal strictly adheres to the standards of authorship established by many publishers as follows:

Core Authorship Criteria

An individual must meet four of the following conditions simultaneously to qualify as an author on a submitted manuscript:

1. Substantial Contributions: Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work.
2. Drafting or Revision: Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content.
3. Final Approval: Final approval of the version to be published.
4. Accountability: Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Unacceptable Authorship Practices

Our journal actively discourages unethical practices, including:

1. Guest/Gift Authorship: Including individuals who have not made significant intellectual contributions, often based on seniority or professional relationship.
2. Ghost Authorship: Excluding individuals who have fulfilled the criteria and contributed significantly to the research or writing.
3. AI/LLM Authorship: Artificial Intelligence tools and Large Language Models do not meet the criteria for authorship because they cannot take legal or public accountability for the work. AI assistance must be disclosed transparently in the methods or acknowledgements section.