At our journal, we are committed to maintaining the integrity and accuracy of the scholarly record. We recognize that honest errors and issues of research misconduct may occur in the course of academic publishing. Therefore, we have established a transparent and ethical policy for retractions and corrections to uphold the trust of our readers, authors, and the academic community.

Retraction

A published article may be retracted when:

• There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable due to misconduct (e.g., data fabrication, plagiarism) or honest error (e.g., miscalculation or experimental error).

• The article contains plagiarized content or has been published elsewhere without proper acknowledgment (duplicate publication).

• The research or its reporting violates ethical standards, including cases involving lack of informed consent or unethical conduct.

Retractions are issued in accordance with COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) guidelines. A retraction notice will be published in the journal, clearly identifying the retracted article and stating the reason(s) for the retraction. The original article will remain accessible, but will be marked as “Retracted” to maintain the scholarly record and transparency.

Correction

Corrections (also known as errata or corrigenda) will be issued when:

• A minor error is discovered that does not affect the overall results or conclusions of the article.

• An author or publisher error (e.g., incorrect author affiliation, figure mislabeling, or typographical mistake) needs to be rectified.

Corrections will be published as a separate document linked to the original article and will specify the nature of the change. The original article will remain unaltered to preserve the version of record, except in cases where updating is deemed essential for clarity or safety.