An Exploratory Cross-Cultural Study of Virtual Library Tourism
User Experiences at the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/v13i2a4Keywords:
Virtual library tourism, Cross-cultural user experience, Digital literacy servicesAbstract
This study investigates the cross-cultural perceptions of Indonesian and Malaysian students regarding the virtual literacy tourism services offered by the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia. As part of ongoing digital transformation efforts in the literacy sector, these virtual tour services provide an alternative means of accessing information and promoting cultural heritage. The purpose of this research is to analyze perceptual differences between the two student groups using user experience theory, which encompasses cognitive, affective, and cultural dimensions. A quantitative comparative design was employed, involving a purposive sample of 100 participants, 50 students from Indonesia and 50 students from Malaysia. Data were collected through an online questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale and analyzed through descriptive statistics and independent sample t-tests. The findings reveal that, overall, there are no significant differences between the two groups across most indicators. However, a notable distinction appears in the affective dimension, specifically the sense of presence, which is higher among Malaysian respondents. These results indicate that user experience is shaped by cultural context and highlight the potential of virtual library tours to foster cross-cultural engagement and understanding.
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References
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Younas, A., Faisal, C. M. N., Habib, M. A., Ashraf, R., & Ahmad, M. (2021). Role of Design Attributes to Determine the Intention to Use Online Learning via Cognitive Beliefs. IEEE Access, 9, 94181–94202. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3093348
Yuan, A., & Hong, J. (2024). Impacts of Virtual Reality on Tourism Experience and Behavioral Intentions: Moderating Role of Novelty Seeking. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 48(6), 1067–1080. https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480231171301
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ASEAN Digital Literacy Programme. (2024). ASEAN Foundation. https://aseanfoundation.org/programme/asean-digital-literacy-programme/
Awasthi, G. K., Tewari, S., S, N., P, G., Mallick, S., & S, S. (2025). Human-Computer Interaction Design Principles for Enhancing User Experience in Mobile Applications. ITM Web of Conferences, 76, 05003. https://doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20257605003
Brydges, C. R. (2019). Effect Size Guidelines, Sample Size Calculations, and Statistical Power in Gerontology. Innovation in Aging, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz036
Burr, C., Cristianini, N., & Ladyman, J. (2018). An Analysis of the Interaction Between Intelligent Software Agents and Human Users. Minds and Machines, 28(4), 735–774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-018-9479-0
Digital Progress and Trends Report 2023. (2023). https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/435571536244480293/pdf/129777-WP-PUBLIC-sept-11-1pm-World-Bank-2018-Malaysia-Digital-Economy-report.pdf
Fanea-Ivanovici, M., & Pana, M.-C. (2020). From Culture to Smart Culture. How Digital Transformations Enhance Citizens’ Well-Being Through Better Cultural Accessibility and Inclusion. IEEE Access, 8, 37988–38000. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2975542
Goncalves, G., Melo, M., Vasconcelos-Raposo, J., & Bessa, M. (2020). Impact of Different Sensory Stimuli on Presence in Credible Virtual Environments. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 26(11), 3231–3240. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2019.2926978
Haider, M. S., Shah, N. U., & Khan, A. (2025). Enhancing user experiences by service value and digital engagement in public libraries of Pakistan: a TAM-model approach. Information Discovery and Delivery. https://doi.org/10.1108/IDD-04-2024-0061
Jin, B., Kim, G., Moore, M., & Rothenberg, L. (2021). Consumer store experience through virtual reality: its effect on emotional states and perceived store attractiveness. Fashion and Textiles, 8(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-021-00256-7
Klymenko, O., & Sokur, O. (2025). Functioning of Ukrainian libraries in conditions of digitization. Вісник Книжкової Палати, 12, 19–24. https://doi.org/10.36273/2076-9555.2024.12(341).19-24
Kumi‐Yeboah, A., & Amponsah, S. (2023). An exploratory study of instructors’ perceptions on inclusion of culturally responsive pedagogy in online education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 54(4), 878–897. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13299
Li, J., Xie, P., Ai, B., & Li, L. (2020). Multilingual communication experiences of international students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Multilingua, 39(5), 529–539. https://doi.org/10.1515/multi-2020-0116
Louie, B., Björling, E. A., Kuo, A. C., & Alves-Oliveira, P. (2022). Designing for culturally responsive social robots: An application of a participatory framework. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2022.983408
Mahmood, H. M. A., Ghafar, Z. N., Saeed, H. M. H., Hamarasheed, A. S., & Ali, T. M. (2024). Exploring the potential of social media platforms to foster cultural diversity and enhance intercultural comprehension among EFL university students. Journal of Language and Pragmatics Studies, 3(3), 153–168. https://doi.org/10.58881/jlps.v3i3.68
Martins, A. I., Silva, A. G., Pais, J., Cruz, V. T., & Rocha, N. P. (2022). The impact of users’ cognitive function on evaluator perceptions of usability. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 13753. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17441-3
Mishra, A., Shukla, A., Rana, N. P., Currie, W. L., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2023). Re-examining post-acceptance model of information systems continuance: A revised theoretical model using MASEM approach. International Journal of Information Management, 68, 102571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102571
Nejati, B., Manchi, R. T., & Schofield, D. (2024). Incorporating Cross-Cultural Design into the User Interface. The International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications, 16(5), 01–19. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijma.2024.16501
Patel, R. B. (2023). Human-Computer Interaction: Exploring the Intersection of Humans and AI. International Journal of Computer Applications, 184(47), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.5120/ijca2023922576
Pavic, K., Chaby, L., Gricourt, T., & Vergilino-Perez, D. (2023). Feeling Virtually Present Makes Me Happier: The Influence of Immersion, Sense of Presence, and Video Contents on Positive Emotion Induction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 26(4), 238–245. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2022.0245
Putri, R. N. F., & Hermawan, H. D. (2024). Development of a WEB-based virtual tour as a media introduction to library services at University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta. 020073. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0183795
Rejeki, D. S., Renggani, R. R., Agustine, M., Wahyuni, H. S., Syaripyani, W. R., & Syahla, N. A. (2024). Potensi daya tarik wisata Perpustakaan Kota Bandung dalam upaya mengembangkan edu-tourism. Pustaka Karya : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Perpustakaan Dan Informasi, 12(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.18592/pk.v12i1.11109
Rejeki, D. S., Renggani, R. R., & Nurmayanti, E. (2024). Libraries as Hubs for Cultural Preservation and Educational Tourism. Proceedings of the 1st Widyatama International Conference on Management, Social Science and Humanities (ICMSSH 2024), 132–142. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-608-6_16
Roslina, R. (2022). PEMANFAATAN NEW MEDIA PADA KEGIATAN LIBRARY ORIENTATION CLASS AND TOUR DI UNIT PELAYANAN TEHNIS PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS SYIAH KUALA. SOURCE : Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 8(2), 178. https://doi.org/10.35308/source.v8i2.6309
Santoso, H. B., & Schrepp, M. (2019). The impact of culture and product on the subjective importance of user experience aspects. Heliyon, 5(9), e02434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02434
Shu, Y., & Jinghan, W. (2024). Research on the influencing factors of users’ engagement behavior on cultural tourism meta-universe platform: The Chain Mediating Effect of Immersive experience and Perceived value. 2024 10th International Conference on Virtual Reality (ICVR), 207–212. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVR62393.2024.10869123
Spyrou, O., Hurst, W., & Krampe, C. (2025). A Reference Architecture for Virtual Human Integration in the Metaverse: Enhancing the Galleries, Libraries, Archives, and Museums (GLAM) Sector with AI-Driven Experiences. Future Internet, 17(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17010036
Suciu, M.-C., Savastano, M., Stativă, G.-A., & Gorelova, I. (2022). EDUCATIONAL TOURISM AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT. CACTUS, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.24818/CTS/4/2022/1.02
Thompson, F. M., & Brouthers, K. D. (2021). Digital Consumer Engagement: National Cultural Differences and Cultural Tightness. Journal of International Marketing, 29(4), 22–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069031X211005729
Tsipi, L., Vouyioukas, D., Loumos, G., Kargas, A., & Varoutas, D. (2023). Digital Repository as a Service (D-RaaS): Enhancing Access and Preservation of Cultural Heritage Artifacts. Heritage, 6(10), 6881–6900. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6100359
Watts, J., Jackson, J. C., Arnison, C., Hamerslag, E. M., Shaver, J. H., & Purzycki, B. G. (2022). Building Quantitative Cross-Cultural Databases From Ethnographic Records: Promise, Problems and Principles. Cross-Cultural Research, 56(1), 62–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/10693971211065720
Xie, Y. (2023). Enhancing the Effectiveness of Digital Museum Services: Through a Study of Perceived Value Theory. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(3), 13701–13726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01633-x
Younas, A., Faisal, C. M. N., Habib, M. A., Ashraf, R., & Ahmad, M. (2021). Role of Design Attributes to Determine the Intention to Use Online Learning via Cognitive Beliefs. IEEE Access, 9, 94181–94202. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3093348
Yuan, A., & Hong, J. (2024). Impacts of Virtual Reality on Tourism Experience and Behavioral Intentions: Moderating Role of Novelty Seeking. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 48(6), 1067–1080. https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480231171301
Zhu, W. (2024). Practical Case Exploration of Cultural Tourism Integration in Public Libraries. Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 9(3), 52–55. https://doi.org/10.54097/f5fc1q60
Published
2025-11-16
How to Cite
Rejeki, D. S., Wahyuni, H. S., & Ariff, N. Z. Z. M. (2025). An Exploratory Cross-Cultural Study of Virtual Library Tourism: User Experiences at the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia. Khizanah Al-Hikmah : Jurnal Ilmu Perpustakaan, Informasi, Dan Kearsipan, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.24252/v13i2a4
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