Jināyah al-Bīʾah (Environmental Crimes)
A Maqāṣid-Based Reconceptualization of Ecocide as Ḥirābah in Indonesia’s Integrative Legal Framework
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/mazahibuna.vi.65807Keywords:
Ecocide, Green Jinayah, Hirabah, Maqasid al-Shari’ahAbstract
Indonesia faces significant challenges in environmental protection as large-scale ecocide continues to occur despite the enforcement of administrative sanctions and the application of the ultimum remedium principle. This study aims to reconceptualize ecocide as a form of Ḥirābah (a major public crime) rather than a discretionary Taʿzīr offense, thereby establishing a stronger framework of corporate accountability within Indonesia’s pluralistic legal system. Employing a qualitative normative approach and integrative doctrinal analysis, this research utilizes the framework of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, particularly al-Ḍarūriyyāt al-Khams (the five essential objectives of Islamic law), to evaluate the ecological consequences of ecocide. The findings indicate that ecocide fulfills the essential elements of Ḥirābah because it constitutes Fasād fī al-Arḍ (systemic corruption and destruction on earth) that threatens public welfare, environmental security, and the divinely ordained balance of ecosystems. Accordingly, based on the principle of al-Ghunm bi al-Ghurm (benefit entails responsibility for risk), this study proposes the establishment of a Green Jināyah model that imposes strict corporate liability and classifies large-scale environmental destruction as a mandatory Ḥadd-based offense. The proposed model is designed to operate within Indonesia’s pluralistic legal framework by positioning Ḥirābah-based criminal norms as a complementary deterrent mechanism rather than a substitute for existing secular legal instruments. Furthermore, this proposal is situated within a transnational comparative perspective by drawing upon classical madhhab jurisprudence—particularly the Mālikī madhhab’s expansive interpretation of Ḥirābah—and engaging with the emerging global movement to codify ecocide as an international crime under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
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