Beyond the Six Recognized Religions
Comparative Madhhab Perspectives on Religious Freedom and Indonesian Constitutionalism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/mazahibuna.vi.66738Keywords:
Religious Freedom, Human Rights, Minority Religions, Pluralism, Discrimination.Abstract
This study examines the implementation of religious freedom in Indonesia through the perspectives of comparative madhhab scholarship and Indonesian constitutionalism. It aims to analyse the interaction between state law, fiqh siyāsah, and legal pluralism in protecting religious freedom within a multireligious society. The research employs a mixed-methods approach using a sequential explanatory design, integrating quantitative and qualitative data collected through questionnaires, interviews, observations, and document analysis. The findings indicate that, despite Indonesia's strong constitutional guarantees of religious freedom, a considerable gap persists between constitutional norms and their implementation. This disparity is reflected in institutionalised theological exclusion within state administrative systems, resulting in unequal access to public services, limited recognition of religious identities, restrictions on religious practices in public spaces, and continuing discrimination against adherents of religions beyond the six officially recognised by the state. From the perspectives of constitutionalism and comparative Islamic jurisprudence, protection of the forum internum is generally maintained, whereas the forum externum remains constrained by administrative, institutional, and social barriers. These findings demonstrate that Indonesia's legal framework has not yet fully accommodated religious diversity or legal pluralism. The Indonesian experience contributes to contemporary debates on the relationship between Islamic law, constitutionalism, and international human rights by revealing the tension between constitutional commitments to religious freedom and the persistence of discriminatory administrative practices. The study concludes that strengthening religious freedom requires a more inclusive reconstruction of Islamic legal thought through comparative madhhab discourse, constitutional reform that recognises legal pluralism, and the reinforcement of human rights-based public institutions to ensure equal protection for all citizens.
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