LITERACY AS A 21ST CENTURY COMPETENCY IN CURRICULUM AND EDUCATION QUALITY IN INDONESIA: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW AND BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/idaarah.v10i1.66549Keywords:
Educational literacy, 21st Century Literacy, Indonesian Curriculum, Quality of EducationAbstract
This study aims to analyze literacy as a 21st century competency in relation to the curriculum and quality of education in Indonesia through the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach and bibliometric analysis. Data was obtained from the Scopus database with a time range of 2016–2026 following the PRISMA protocol, resulting in 32 articles for in-depth analysis. Bibliometric analysis using VOS viewer mapped publication trends, author collaborations, and thematic clusters. The results reveal three specific findings: first, publication trends show a significant increase peaking in 2024, dominated by STEM/STEAM integration and digital literacy studies, with quantitative approaches accounting for 56% of the analyzed corpus; second, network and density visualization identify digital literacy, scientific literacy, and critical thinking as the three dominant conceptual pillars binding all research themes, with artificial intelligence and vocational education emerging as the most recently growing nodes in the overlay map; third, literacy in the Merdeka Curriculum is constructed as a six-dimensional multidimensional competency reading-writing, numeracy, science, digital, financial, and cultural-civic literacy yet its implementation, particularly in Islamic educational institutions, remains constrained by teacher readiness gaps, infrastructural disparities, and fragmented institutionalization of digital literacy pedagogy. These findings provide important implications for policymakers, educators, and researchers in designing adaptive literacy strengthening strategies that support the transformation of national education.
Downloads
References
Abdullah, M. A. (2024). From Dialogue to Engagement: Experiences of Civil Society Organizations in Religious Literacy Programs for Multicultural Education Curriculum in Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 21(2), 264–274. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpai.v21i2.10234
Aka, K. A., Setyosari, P., Purwaningsih, E., & Mardhatillah, M. (2025). Meta-Analysis of Integrated Learning on 21st Century Skills: Is Integrated Learning Still Relevant? European Journal of Educational Research, 14(2), 625–643. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.14.2.625
Amir, M. F., Mufarikhah, I. A., Wahyuni, A., Nasrun, N., & Rudyanto, H. E. (2019). Developing ‘fort Defending’ Game as a Learning Design for Mathematical Literacy Integrated to Primary School Curriculum in Indonesia. Elementary Education Online, 18(3), 1081–1092. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2019.610145
Anggraini, A. T., Afiyah, A. N., Milosopa, E., Widiastari, N. G. A. P., Henlong, T., & Fitri, S. A. (2026). Analisis Perbandingan Kurikulum Indonesia dan Negara Maju dalam Konteks Kualitas Pembelajaran. LEARNING : Jurnal Inovasi Penelitian Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 6(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.51878/learning.v6i1.8900
Asmayawati, Yufiarti, & Yetti, E. (2024). Pedagogical Innovation and Curricular Adaptation in Enhancing Digital Literacy: a Local Wisdom Approach for Sustainable Development in Indonesia Context. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100233
Athirah, F., Giyandita, F. S., & Abdurrahmansyah, A. (2025). Evaluasi Efektivitas Standar Proses Kurikulum 2013 dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Pembelajaran. MANAJERIAL Jurnal Inovasi Manajemen dan Supervisi Pendidikan, 5(3), 832–845. https://doi.org/10.51878/manajerial.v5i3.7295
Bahri, A., M, W. H., Putra, K. P., Ainun, N. A., & Arifin, N. (2024). The Relationship Between Students’ Perception to the Learning Media, Digital Literacy Skills, and Self-Regulated Learning With Students’ Learning Outcomes in the Rural Area. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 14(2), 588-606. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.2513
Beliyawati, B., Pahrudin, A., & Rahmi, S. (2025). Model, Konsep, Desain, Pendekatan dan Model Pengembangan Kurikulum. SOCIAL : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPS, 5(2), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.51878/social.v5i2.5378
Cheng, C., Wang, L., Xie, H., & Yan, L. (2023). Mapping Digital Innovation: A Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Literature Review. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 194(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122706
Cintamulya, I., Mawartiningsih, L., & Warli, W. (2023). Optimizing the Creativity of Reflective and Impulsive Students through Writing Articles Based on Information Literacy. European Journal of Educational Research, 12(4) 1667–1681. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.12.4.1667
Fauziah, N., Surahman, E., & Mustofa, R. F. (2025). Profil Literasi Sains Peserta Didik di SMAN 8 Tasikmalaya pada Materi Perubahan Lingkungan. SCIENCE : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Matematika dan IPA, 5(1), 184–193. https://doi.org/10.51878/science.v5i1.4510
Gustine, G. G., Setyarini, S., & Rodliyah, R. S. (2024). English Literacy Learning Loss During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Studies in English Language and Education, 11(2), 768–785. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v11i2.34888
Hamilaturroyya, H., & Adibah, I. Z. (2025). Dinamika Pengembangan Kurikulum di Era Digital dalam Menjawab Kesenjangan Konsep dan Praktik. LEARNING Jurnal Inovasi Penelitian Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 5(3), 1245–1259. https://doi.org/10.51878/learning.v5i3.6631
Haryaka, U., & Khadijah Razak, N. (2025). Integrating Digital Literacy, Critical Thinking, and CollaborativeLearning: Addressing Contemporary Challenges in 21st CenturyEducation. Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences, 52(3), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.52.3.9
Hasanudin, C., & Fitrianingsih, A. (2020). Verbal Linguistic Intelligence of the First-Year Students of Indonesian Education Program: A Case in Reading Subject. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(1), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.9.1.117
Herlinawati, H., Marwa, M., Ismail, N., Junaidi, Liza, L. O., & Situmorang, D. D. B. (2024). The Integration of 21st Century Skills in the Curriculum of Education. Heliyon, 10(15), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35148
Ibrohim, I., Kusumaningrum, I. K., Hamimi, E., Putra, W. E., Utomo, J., Kundariati, M., … Malek, N. A. N. B. N. (2023). Science Students’ Literacy and Faculty Members’ Perspective Toward Nanotechnology: is it Needed In 21st Century Education? Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 19(12), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/13835
Ika Sari, G., Winasis, S., Pratiwi, I., Wildan Nuryanto, U., & Basrowi. (2024). Strengthening Digital Literacy in Indonesia: Collaboration, Innovation, and Sustainability Education. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101100
Ilma, A. Z., Wilujeng, I., Widowati, A., Nurtanto, M., & Kholifah, N. (2023). A Systematic Literature Review of STEM Education in Indonesia (2016-2021): Contribution to Improving Skills in 21st Century Learning. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 13(2), 134–146. https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.13.02.17
Izzah, A., Aji, S., & Dewi, N. R. (2026). Systematic Literature Review: Tren Pemanfaatan AI terhadap Kompetensi Profesionalisme Mahasiswa Calon Guru. SCIENCE Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Matematika dan IPA, 6(1), 160–176. https://doi.org/10.51878/science.v6i1.9367
Kadir, A., Zulqarnain, T., Takda, A., Jahidin, J., Assingkily, M. S., & Ahmad, M. (2025). Junior High School Students’ Science Literacy Skills Based on the Nature of Science Literacy Test (NOSLiT). Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 14(1), 93–101. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v14i1.15739
Kodrat, D. S., Tambunan, D. B., & Hartono, W. (2024). Investigation of Workplace Literacy In Indonesia to Enhance Employability Opportunities. Decision Science Letters, 13(2), 351–362. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.dsl.2024.2.002
Komarudin, K., Suherman, S., & Vidákovich, T. (2024). The RMS Teaching Model With Brainstorming Technique and Student Digital Literacy as Predictors of Mathematical Literacy. Heliyon, 10(13), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33877
Luon, M. A. P., Adur, M. F. P., Wonga, A. H. I., Tefi, S., & Dewa, E. (2025). Integrasi Lomba Cerdas Cermat sebagai Media Peningkatan Literasi Matematika, IPA, dan Bahasa Inggris SMPK Adisucipto. COMMUNITY Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 5(2), 561–569. https://doi.org/10.51878/community.v5i2.7320
Marini, A., Safitri, D., Niladini, A., Zahari, M., Dewiyani, L., & Muawanah, U. (2025). Developing a Website Integrated With Project-Based Learning: Evidence of Stimulating Creativity Among Elementary School Students in Indonesia. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101402
Marmoah, S., Suharno, J. I. S., & Suharno, S. (2022). Literacy Culture Management of Elementary School in Indonesia. Heliyon, 8(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09315
Maulana, P. A., & Munir, M. M. (2025). Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Kartu Huruf dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca Permulaan Siswa Kelas I SDN 1 Krasak Bangsri Jepara. LEARNING Jurnal Inovasi Penelitian Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 5(4), 1827–1835. https://doi.org/10.51878/learning.v5i4.6557
Mutohhari, F., Sutiman, S., Nurtanto, M., Kholifah, N., & Samsudin, A. (2021). Difficulties in Implementing 21st Century Skills Competence in Vocational Education Learning. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 10(4), 1229-1236. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v10i4.22028
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. International Journal of Surgery, 88(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105906
Pantiwati, Y., Kusniarti, T., Permana, F. H., Nurrohman, E., & Sari, T. N. I. (2023). The Effects of The Blended Project-Based Literacy that Integrates School Literacy Movement Strengthening Character Education Learning Model on Metacognitive Skills, Critical Thinking, and Opinion Expression. European Journal of Educational Research, 12(1), 145–158. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.12.1.145
Pradana, I. P. Y. B., Susanto, E., & Kumorotomo, W. (2022). Bibliometric Analysis of Public Sector Innovation. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 25(3), 297–315. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.69862
Rasdiana, R., Mauludin, I., Yahya, A., Putri, D. E., Machrus, M. A., Marbun, M., Ridwan, A. (2024). Mediation of Digital Literacy in Investigating The Effect of School Culture on Teacher Performance: Implication for Educational Policy. Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i12.9117
Ratnawati, E., Masruhim, M. A., Abdunnur, A., & Komariyah, L. (2025). Evaluasi Kebijakan Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Literasi dan Numerasi Peserta Didik di SMP Negeri 1 Anggana. SOCIAL Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPS, 5(4), 1441–1451. https://doi.org/10.51878/social.v5i4.7994
Rifai, I., Setiadi, C. J., Renaldo, J., & Andreani, W. (2021). Toward Society 5.0: Indonesia And Japan on The 21st Century Literacy Skills. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 729(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/729/1/012102
Rijal, M., Dewi, D. R., Salma, D. K., & Hastharita, R. (2025). Meningkatkan Kapasitas Literasi Digital Bagi Generasi Muda di Kec. Panakkukang Kota Makassar. COMMUNITY Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 5(2), 550–560. https://doi.org/10.51878/community.v5i2.7244
Rodiyah, R., Utari, I. S., Waspiah, W., Arifin, R., N, E. P., Niravita, A., & Damayanti, R. (2025). Akselerasi Peningkatan Kesadaran Guru dalam Layanan Pendidikan Prima untuk Mendukung Proyek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila. COMMUNITY Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 5(1), 188–194. https://doi.org/10.51878/community.v5i1.6457
Roshonah, A. F., Pratama, E., Darmiyanti, A., Ramadi, R., Suprajogo, T., Khotimah, A. H., Sarah, S. (2022). Mobile Seamless Learning: Model Pengembangan Kemampuan Literasi Membaca AUD dalam Merdeka Belajar. Jurnal Obsesi Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(6), 6258–6270. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i6.3232
Saregar, A., Putra, F. G., Diani, R., Anugrah, A., & Umam, R. (2025). Innovative Integrated Disaster Education in Physics Learning: an Effort to Enhance Students’ Disaster Literacy Skills. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 14(2), 324–336. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v14i2.23959
Semilarski, H., & Laius, A. (2021). Exploring Biological Literacy: A Systematic Literature Review of Biological Literacy. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(3), 1181–1197. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.10.3.1181
Sholeh, K., Pamungkas, O. Y., Sufanti, M., Sukarni, S., Faizah, U., & Afif, S. (2025). The Character Education Revolution: The Impact of Multiple Intelligence-Based Reading Learning on Student Development. Educational Process International Journal, 15(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2025.15.186
Simbolon, J. (2023). Transformasi Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia melalui Penerapan Literasi di Sekolah. JBSI Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, 3(1), 162–171. https://doi.org/10.47709/jbsi.v3i01.2941
Sogalrey, F. A. M., Safitri, F., Tijow, M. A., Sembiring, D. A. K., & Risamasu, P. E. G. (2024). Digital Literacy Research in Education: Trends and Insights. Jurnal Kependidikan: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian dan Kajian Kepustakaan di Bidang Pendidikan, Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran, 10(3), 1169-1180. https://doi.org/10.33394/jk.v10i3.12490
Sulianta, F., & Saudi, M. H. (2021). The Growth of Citizenship Geographical Education in Indonesia from Social Studies Curriculum. Review of International Geographical Education Online, 11(3), 72-78. https://doi.org/10.33403/rigeo.800470
Supriadi, U., Supriyadi, T., & Abdussalam, A. (2022). Al-Qur’an Literacy: A Strategy and Learning Steps in Improving Al-Qur’an Reading Skills through Action Research. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 21(1), 323–339. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.1.18
Suryanti, S., Nursalim, M., Choirunnisa, N. L., & Yuliana, I. (2024). STEAM-Project-Based Learning: A Catalyst for Elementary School Students’ Scientific Literacy Skills. European Journal of Educational Research, 13(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.13.1.1
Unisa, L., Azzahra, S. F., Juanda, M., Rahmanda, M. D., & Abdurrahmansya, A. (2025). Problematik Implementasi Penguatan Potensi Siswa dalam Kurikulum Merdeka di Sekolah Dasar. MANAJERIAL Jurnal Inovasi Manajemen dan Supervisi Pendidikan, 5(4), 931–940. https://doi.org/10.51878/manajerial.v5i4.7835
Utami, P. R., Rahmawati, L., & Noktaria, M. (2025). Pengembangan Kompetensi dan Soft Skill dalam Implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka: Tinjauan Literatur. MANAJERIAL : Jurnal Inovasi Manajemen dan Supervisi Pendidikan, 5(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.51878/manajerial.v5i1.4734
Wahyudi, W., Istiyono, E., Retnawati, H., Rusmaningtias, S., & Suriyanto, S. (2026). Teachers’ Perspective About National Assessment: How do Vocational Teachers Enhance Literacy in the Classroom? Journal of Teaching and Learning, 20(1), 297–314. https://doi.org/10.22329/jtl.v20i1.9431
Yasa, A. D., Rahayu, S., Handayanto, S. K., & Ekawati, R. (2024). Evaluating the Impact of Smart Learning-Based Inquiry on Enhancing Digital Literacy and Critical Thinking Skills. Ingénierie Des Systèmes d Information, 29(1), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.18280/isi.290122
Yerizon, Y., Arnellis, A., Suherman, S., Arnawa, I. M., Sa’dijah, C., & Anwar, L. (2025). Does Adaptive e-Module (Ae-M) Effective in Enhancing Students’ numeracy literacy ability? Salud, Ciencia y Tecnologia, 5, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt20251480
Yulianti, D., Suriansyah, A., Harsono, A. M. B., & Ridhaningtyas, L. P. (2025). Implementation of Web-Based Teaching Media as an Effort to Utilize Digital Technology in Learning. AMPLITUDO: Journal of Science and Technology Innovation, 4(1), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.56566/amplitudo.v4i1.301
Yuza, S. F., & Jannah, M. (2026). Kajian Meta-Analisis: Indikator Prioritas Rapor Pendidikan dalam Kurikulum Merdeka. LEARNING : Jurnal Inovasi Penelitian Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran, 6(1), 548–563. https://doi.org/10.51878/learning.v6i1.9216
Zukmadini, A. Y., Karyadi, B., & Rochman, S. (2021). Peningkatan Kompetensi Guru Melalui Workshop Model Integrasi Terpadu Literasi Sains dan Pendidikan Karakter dalam Pembelajaran IPA. Publikasi Pendidikan, 11(2), 107–107. https://doi.org/10.26858/publikan.v11i2.18378.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Uyu Muawanah, Basri Asyibli, Aqila Azharrani Ibtihal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Idaarah: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan agree to the following terms: Authors retain the copyright and grant Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) the work for any purpose, even commercially with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
