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Copyright (c) 2026 Maklon Felipus Killa, Yestiani Yaku Danga (Author)

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Influence of Risk Taking on Business Performance: Examining the Difference between Migrant and Non-Migrant Entrepreneurs
Corresponding Author(s) : Maklon Felipus Killa
Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide dan Inspirasi,
Vol. 13 No. 1 (2026): June
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of risk taking on business performance and examines whether this relationship differs between migrant and non-migrant entrepreneurs. Survey data from 101 small and medium enterprise (SME) owners are analyzed using Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) to test the proposed model. The results indicate that risk taking has a positive effect on business performance. Additionally, migration status moderates this relationship, demonstrating that the effectiveness of risk-taking behavior varies between migrant and non-migrant entrepreneurs. These findings suggest that entrepreneurial performance is influenced by both strategic behavioral orientation and socio-contextual positioning. As the emerging integration of entrepreneurial orientation and migrant entrepreneurship, the study underscores the significance of entrepreneur heterogeneity in explaining SME performance. The results contribute to the risk–taking–performance literature and offer practical implications for the development of differentiated entrepreneurial policies.
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- Adam, J. D. (2004). Migrant and local entrepreneurial networks development. Jurnal Manajemen dan Wirausaha, 6(2), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.9744/jmk.6.2.pp.93-104
- Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage.
- Amran, A., Tharumarajah, N., & Cheah, J. S. S. (2023). Surviving and thriving in the COVID-19 crisis: Performance drivers and resource dynamics of social enterprises in a nascent ecology. Journal of Cleaner Production, 428, 139252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139252
- Angelus, E. F., Aloysius, N. M., & Felix, N. (2025). Risk-taking decision on sales performance of micro-small businesses in Douala’s V. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 7(2), 171-183. https://doi.org/10.35912/amor.v7i2.2358
- Astuti, R. D., Balqiah, T. E., & Yuliati, E. (2024). Role of individual entrepreneurial orientation and innovation in SME performance: Gender perspectives. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 22(2), 365-378. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.22(2).2024.28
- Bandur, A. (2019). Penelitian kualitatif: Studi multi-disiplin keilmuan dengan NVivo 12 Plus [Qualitative research: A multidisciplinary study using NVivo 12 Plus]. Mitra Wacana Media.
- Caputo, A., Nguyen, V. H. A., & Delladio, S. (2025). Risk-taking, knowledge, and mindset: Unpacking the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-024-01064-3
- Covin, J. G., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation theory and research: Reflections on a needed construct. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5), 855-872. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00482.x
- Fairlie, R. W., & Fossen, F. M. (2018). Opportunity versus necessity entrepreneurship: Two components of business creation. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3010267
- Fulford, H., & Rizzo, A. (2009). A conceptual model for the strategic orientation of small firms. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 17(1), 25-54. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495809000254
- Ghozali, I. (2022a). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program IBM SPSS [Multivariate analysis application with IBM SPSS program]. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
- Ghozali, I. (2022b). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program IBM SPSS 25 [Multivariate analysis application with IBM SPSS 25]. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
- Green, K. M., Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (2008). Exploring the relationship between strategic reactiveness and entrepreneurial orientation: The role of structure-style fit. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(3), 356-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.01.002
- Gupta, V., MacMillan, I. C., & Surie, G. (2004). Entrepreneurial leadership: Developing and measuring a cross-cultural construct. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2), 241-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00040-5
- Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Black, W. C., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage.
- Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
- Högberg, L., & Mitchell, C. (2022). Mixed embeddedness and entrepreneurship beyond new venture creation: Opportunity tensions in the case of reregulated public markets. International Small Business Journal, 41(2), 121-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/02662426221083827
- Huang, S., Huang, Q., & Soetanto, D. (2023). Entrepreneurial orientation dimensions and the performance of high-tech and low-tech firms: A configurational approach. European Management Journal, 41(3), 375-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2022.03.002
- Huda, N., & Syamsinirwani, S. (2019). Pengembangan jejaring wirausaha dalam meningkatkan kinerja usaha mikro kecil dan menengah di Kota Bima [Development of entrepreneurial networks in improving the performance of micro, small, and medium enterprises in Bima City]. Jurnal Distribusi, 7(2).
- Indrathi, S. (2013). Potret jiwa kewirausahaan pengusaha kerajinan ukir Jepara [Portrait of the entrepreneurial spirit of Jepara carving craft entrepreneurs]. Jurnal Humanika.
- Islam, K. M. A., Islam, M. S., Said, J., Bhuiyan, A. B., & Hasan, Z. (2024). Revisiting the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on SMEs’ organizational performance. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 22(2), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.22(2).2024.03
- Iyiola, K., Alzubi, A., & Dappa, K. (2023). The influence of learning orientation on entrepreneurial performance: The role of business model innovation and risk-taking propensity. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 9(3), 100133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100133
- Julius, P., & Nagel, F. (2013). Studi eksploratori pola atribusi keberhasilan dan kegagalan bisnis: Sebuah persepsi dari pengusaha kecil dan mikro pribumi dan Tionghoa di Surabaya [An exploratory study of attribution patterns of business success and failure: A perception from indigenous and Chinese small and micro entrepreneurs in Surabaya].
- Kollmann, T., Stöckmann, C., Niemand, T., Hensellek, S., & de Cruppe, K. (2021). A configurational approach to entrepreneurial orientation and cooperation explaining product/service innovation in digital vs. non-digital startups. Journal of Business Research, 125, 508-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.041
- Liu, Y., Li, Y., Tao, L., & Wang, Y. (2008). Relationship stability, trust and relational risk in marketing channels: Evidence from China. Industrial Marketing Management, 37(4), 432-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2007.04.001
- Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9602161568
- Mantra, I. B. (2015). Demografi umum [General demography]. Pustaka Pelajar.
- Mesa, A. N. L. M., Bustomi, T., & Nursalam, N. (2024). The integrated strategies for handling migration impacts and poverty alleviation in Makamenggit and Pambotanjara Village, East Sumba Regency. Jurnal Bina Praja, 16(2), 291-305. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.16.2024.291-305
- Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770-791. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.29.7.770
- Naudé, W., Siegel, M., & Marchand, K. (2017). Migration, entrepreneurship and development: Critical questions. IZA Journal of Migration, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40176-016-0077-8
- Noveria, M. (2017). Migrasi berulang tenaga kerja migran internasional: Kasus pekerja migran asal Desa Sukorejo Wetan, Kabupaten Tulungagung [Repeat migration of international migrant workers: The case of migrant workers from Sukorejo Wetan Village, Tulungagung Regency]. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, 12, 25-38.
- OECD. (2024). International migrant outlook 2024. OECD Publishing.
- Pham, P. M. T., & Dao, B. T. T. (2022). A meta-analysis of risk taking and corporate performance. Cogent Business & Management, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2064263
- Porfírio, J. A., Felício, J. A., Rodrigues, R. M., & Carrilho, T. (2024). Exploring migrant entrepreneurship and innovation in ultraperipheral regions: An investigation on opportunity and necessity-driven entrepreneurship. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 9(4), 100573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100573
- Prasetyo, J. H., Winarti, C. E., Erasashanti, A. P., Karunia, R. L., & Rachman, H. A. (2024). SMEs performance: Market orientation, entrepreneurship, and dynamic capabilities in Indonesia. Jurnal Doktor Manajemen (JDM), 7(2), 114. https://doi.org/10.22441/jdm.v7i2.28179
- Putra, G. S., & David, W. (2025). Entrepreneurial orientation and its effect on the success of small businesses. Journal of Business Social and Technology, 6(2), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.59261/jbt.v6i2.520
- Ramadan, J., Alzubi, A., & Khadem, A. (2024). The impact of strategic entrepreneurship behaviors on business performance in Turkish SMEs: The role of business model innovation and competitive intensity. Sustainability, 16(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188035
- Ramos-Escobar, E. A., García-Pérez-de-Lema, D., Castillo-Vergara, M., & Valdez-Juárez, L. E. (2022). Immigrant entrepreneurs: A review of the literature and an agenda for future investigations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 91, 170-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.09.009
- Rath, J., & Kloosterman, R. (2000). Outsiders’ business: A critical review of research on immigrant entrepreneurship. International Migration Review, 34(3).
- Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G. T., & Frese, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: An assessment of past research and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 761-787. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00308.x
- Sharma, S., & Vredenburg, H. (1998). Proactive corporate environmental strategy and the development of competitively valuable organizational capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 19(8), 729-753. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199808)19:8<729::AID-SMJ967>3.0.CO;2-4
- Sinkovics, N., & Reuber, A. R. (2021). Beyond disciplinary silos: A systematic analysis of the migrant entrepreneurship literature. Journal of World Business, 56(4), 101223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2021.101223
- Solano, G. (2023). Social networks for cross-border business activities: A comparison between transnational and domestic Moroccan migrant entrepreneurs. Globalizations. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2023.2231218
- Suder, M. (2023). Impact of entrepreneurial orientation on performance and moderating role of crisis perception: Multi-method examination. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 36(8), 86-116. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-04-2023-0124
- Suder, M., Kusa, R., Duda, J., & Karpacz, J. (2025). Exploring impact of entrepreneurial orientation on firm performance: Moderators’ variability under changing market conditions. Review of Managerial Science, 19(3), 797-842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00775-9
- Syafira, A., Maharani, R., & Nurlatfah, Y. (2025). Peran kewirausahaan dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi [The role of entrepreneurship in economic growth]. Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial dan Humaniora, 4(3).
- Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2012). Economic development (11th ed.). Pearson.
- Venkatraman, N., & Ramanujam, V. (1986). Measurement of business performance in strategy research: A comparison of approaches. Academy of Management Review, 11(4), 801-814. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1986.4283976
- Wu, S.-H., Lin, F.-J., & Perng, C. (2022). The affecting factors of small and medium enterprise performance. Journal of Business Research, 143, 94-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.025
- Zhang, Z., & Xing, Y. (2023). Impact of entrepreneurial orientation and risk sharing on organizational performance influencing role of news media and public opinion. Frontiers in Psychology.
References
Adam, J. D. (2004). Migrant and local entrepreneurial networks development. Jurnal Manajemen dan Wirausaha, 6(2), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.9744/jmk.6.2.pp.93-104
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage.
Amran, A., Tharumarajah, N., & Cheah, J. S. S. (2023). Surviving and thriving in the COVID-19 crisis: Performance drivers and resource dynamics of social enterprises in a nascent ecology. Journal of Cleaner Production, 428, 139252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139252
Angelus, E. F., Aloysius, N. M., & Felix, N. (2025). Risk-taking decision on sales performance of micro-small businesses in Douala’s V. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 7(2), 171-183. https://doi.org/10.35912/amor.v7i2.2358
Astuti, R. D., Balqiah, T. E., & Yuliati, E. (2024). Role of individual entrepreneurial orientation and innovation in SME performance: Gender perspectives. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 22(2), 365-378. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.22(2).2024.28
Bandur, A. (2019). Penelitian kualitatif: Studi multi-disiplin keilmuan dengan NVivo 12 Plus [Qualitative research: A multidisciplinary study using NVivo 12 Plus]. Mitra Wacana Media.
Caputo, A., Nguyen, V. H. A., & Delladio, S. (2025). Risk-taking, knowledge, and mindset: Unpacking the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-024-01064-3
Covin, J. G., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation theory and research: Reflections on a needed construct. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5), 855-872. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00482.x
Fairlie, R. W., & Fossen, F. M. (2018). Opportunity versus necessity entrepreneurship: Two components of business creation. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3010267
Fulford, H., & Rizzo, A. (2009). A conceptual model for the strategic orientation of small firms. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 17(1), 25-54. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495809000254
Ghozali, I. (2022a). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program IBM SPSS [Multivariate analysis application with IBM SPSS program]. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Ghozali, I. (2022b). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program IBM SPSS 25 [Multivariate analysis application with IBM SPSS 25]. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Green, K. M., Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (2008). Exploring the relationship between strategic reactiveness and entrepreneurial orientation: The role of structure-style fit. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(3), 356-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.01.002
Gupta, V., MacMillan, I. C., & Surie, G. (2004). Entrepreneurial leadership: Developing and measuring a cross-cultural construct. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2), 241-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00040-5
Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Black, W. C., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
Högberg, L., & Mitchell, C. (2022). Mixed embeddedness and entrepreneurship beyond new venture creation: Opportunity tensions in the case of reregulated public markets. International Small Business Journal, 41(2), 121-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/02662426221083827
Huang, S., Huang, Q., & Soetanto, D. (2023). Entrepreneurial orientation dimensions and the performance of high-tech and low-tech firms: A configurational approach. European Management Journal, 41(3), 375-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2022.03.002
Huda, N., & Syamsinirwani, S. (2019). Pengembangan jejaring wirausaha dalam meningkatkan kinerja usaha mikro kecil dan menengah di Kota Bima [Development of entrepreneurial networks in improving the performance of micro, small, and medium enterprises in Bima City]. Jurnal Distribusi, 7(2).
Indrathi, S. (2013). Potret jiwa kewirausahaan pengusaha kerajinan ukir Jepara [Portrait of the entrepreneurial spirit of Jepara carving craft entrepreneurs]. Jurnal Humanika.
Islam, K. M. A., Islam, M. S., Said, J., Bhuiyan, A. B., & Hasan, Z. (2024). Revisiting the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on SMEs’ organizational performance. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 22(2), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.22(2).2024.03
Iyiola, K., Alzubi, A., & Dappa, K. (2023). The influence of learning orientation on entrepreneurial performance: The role of business model innovation and risk-taking propensity. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 9(3), 100133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100133
Julius, P., & Nagel, F. (2013). Studi eksploratori pola atribusi keberhasilan dan kegagalan bisnis: Sebuah persepsi dari pengusaha kecil dan mikro pribumi dan Tionghoa di Surabaya [An exploratory study of attribution patterns of business success and failure: A perception from indigenous and Chinese small and micro entrepreneurs in Surabaya].
Kollmann, T., Stöckmann, C., Niemand, T., Hensellek, S., & de Cruppe, K. (2021). A configurational approach to entrepreneurial orientation and cooperation explaining product/service innovation in digital vs. non-digital startups. Journal of Business Research, 125, 508-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.041
Liu, Y., Li, Y., Tao, L., & Wang, Y. (2008). Relationship stability, trust and relational risk in marketing channels: Evidence from China. Industrial Marketing Management, 37(4), 432-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2007.04.001
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9602161568
Mantra, I. B. (2015). Demografi umum [General demography]. Pustaka Pelajar.
Mesa, A. N. L. M., Bustomi, T., & Nursalam, N. (2024). The integrated strategies for handling migration impacts and poverty alleviation in Makamenggit and Pambotanjara Village, East Sumba Regency. Jurnal Bina Praja, 16(2), 291-305. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.16.2024.291-305
Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770-791. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.29.7.770
Naudé, W., Siegel, M., & Marchand, K. (2017). Migration, entrepreneurship and development: Critical questions. IZA Journal of Migration, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40176-016-0077-8
Noveria, M. (2017). Migrasi berulang tenaga kerja migran internasional: Kasus pekerja migran asal Desa Sukorejo Wetan, Kabupaten Tulungagung [Repeat migration of international migrant workers: The case of migrant workers from Sukorejo Wetan Village, Tulungagung Regency]. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, 12, 25-38.
OECD. (2024). International migrant outlook 2024. OECD Publishing.
Pham, P. M. T., & Dao, B. T. T. (2022). A meta-analysis of risk taking and corporate performance. Cogent Business & Management, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2064263
Porfírio, J. A., Felício, J. A., Rodrigues, R. M., & Carrilho, T. (2024). Exploring migrant entrepreneurship and innovation in ultraperipheral regions: An investigation on opportunity and necessity-driven entrepreneurship. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 9(4), 100573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100573
Prasetyo, J. H., Winarti, C. E., Erasashanti, A. P., Karunia, R. L., & Rachman, H. A. (2024). SMEs performance: Market orientation, entrepreneurship, and dynamic capabilities in Indonesia. Jurnal Doktor Manajemen (JDM), 7(2), 114. https://doi.org/10.22441/jdm.v7i2.28179
Putra, G. S., & David, W. (2025). Entrepreneurial orientation and its effect on the success of small businesses. Journal of Business Social and Technology, 6(2), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.59261/jbt.v6i2.520
Ramadan, J., Alzubi, A., & Khadem, A. (2024). The impact of strategic entrepreneurship behaviors on business performance in Turkish SMEs: The role of business model innovation and competitive intensity. Sustainability, 16(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188035
Ramos-Escobar, E. A., García-Pérez-de-Lema, D., Castillo-Vergara, M., & Valdez-Juárez, L. E. (2022). Immigrant entrepreneurs: A review of the literature and an agenda for future investigations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 91, 170-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.09.009
Rath, J., & Kloosterman, R. (2000). Outsiders’ business: A critical review of research on immigrant entrepreneurship. International Migration Review, 34(3).
Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G. T., & Frese, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: An assessment of past research and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 761-787. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00308.x
Sharma, S., & Vredenburg, H. (1998). Proactive corporate environmental strategy and the development of competitively valuable organizational capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 19(8), 729-753. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199808)19:8<729::AID-SMJ967>3.0.CO;2-4
Sinkovics, N., & Reuber, A. R. (2021). Beyond disciplinary silos: A systematic analysis of the migrant entrepreneurship literature. Journal of World Business, 56(4), 101223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2021.101223
Solano, G. (2023). Social networks for cross-border business activities: A comparison between transnational and domestic Moroccan migrant entrepreneurs. Globalizations. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2023.2231218
Suder, M. (2023). Impact of entrepreneurial orientation on performance and moderating role of crisis perception: Multi-method examination. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 36(8), 86-116. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-04-2023-0124
Suder, M., Kusa, R., Duda, J., & Karpacz, J. (2025). Exploring impact of entrepreneurial orientation on firm performance: Moderators’ variability under changing market conditions. Review of Managerial Science, 19(3), 797-842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00775-9
Syafira, A., Maharani, R., & Nurlatfah, Y. (2025). Peran kewirausahaan dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi [The role of entrepreneurship in economic growth]. Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial dan Humaniora, 4(3).
Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2012). Economic development (11th ed.). Pearson.
Venkatraman, N., & Ramanujam, V. (1986). Measurement of business performance in strategy research: A comparison of approaches. Academy of Management Review, 11(4), 801-814. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1986.4283976
Wu, S.-H., Lin, F.-J., & Perng, C. (2022). The affecting factors of small and medium enterprise performance. Journal of Business Research, 143, 94-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.025
Zhang, Z., & Xing, Y. (2023). Impact of entrepreneurial orientation and risk sharing on organizational performance influencing role of news media and public opinion. Frontiers in Psychology.