Date Log
Submitted
31 January 2023
Accepted
12 April 2023
Published
12 April 2023
Level Up: An Indonesian Best Practice for Building Public Servants’ Performance
Corresponding Author(s) : Muhammad Syafii A. Basalamah
Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide dan Inspirasi,
Vol. 10 No. 1 (2023): June
Abstract
Despite being encircled by many poverty regencies, some areas can escape the vicious circle. Their government agency's quality as the accelerators comes up as one fundamental driver. Thus, this study explores this issue by investigating the effect of competence and compensation on work motivation and employee performance in Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. 196 public servants respond to the statistical data analysis of the variance-based structural equation model (SEM). The results confirm that competence and compensation must be adequately considered to improve employee performance. Public agencies failing to accommodate these two meridians may suffer significant drawbacks in public and economic returns.
Keywords
Competence
Compensation
Motivation
Performance
Public Servants
Basalamah, M. S. A. (2023). Level Up: An Indonesian Best Practice for Building Public Servants’ Performance. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide Dan Inspirasi, 10(1), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v10i1.35732
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References
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Bae, K., Han, D., & Sohn, H. (2012). Importance of access to finance in reducing income inequality and poverty level. International Review of Public Administration, 17(1), 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/12264431.2012.10805217
Broedling, L. A. (1977). The Uses of the Intrinsic-Extrinsic Distinction in Explaining Motivation and Organizational Behavior . Academy of Management Review, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1977.4409056
Bryer, T. A. (2009). Explaining responsiveness in collaboration: Administrator and citizen role perceptions. Public Administration Review, 69(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.01973.x
Cameron, J., & Pierce, W. D. (1994). Reinforcement, Reward, and Intrinsic Motivation: A Meta-Analysis. Review of Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543064003363
Dehghani, A. (2020). Factors affecting professional ethics development in students: A qualitative study. Nursing Ethics, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733019845135
Deinert, A., Homan, A. C., Boer, D., Voelpel, S. C., & Gutermann, D. (2015). Transformational leadership sub-dimensions and their link to leaders’ personality and performance. Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.08.001
Dellaportas, S., Leung, P., Cooper, B. J., Lary, A. M., & Taylor, D. W. (2012). Governance characteristics and role effectiveness of audit committees. Managerial Auditing Journal, 27(4). https://doi.org/10.1108/02686901211217969
Edison, E., Anwar, Y., & Komariyah, I. (2016). Human Resource Management. Bandung: Alfabeta, Cv.
Ehrhart, K. H., Witt, L. A., Schneider, B., & Perry, S. J. (2011). Service Employees Give as They Get: Internal Service as a Moderator of the Service Climate-Service Outcomes Link. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(2), 423–431. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022071
Foss, N. J., & Lindenberg, S. (2013). Microfoundations for strategy: A goal-framing perspective on the drivers of value creation. Academy of Management Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2012.0103
Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1999). Selection, optimization, and compensation as strategies of life management: Correction to Freund and Bates (1998). Psychology and Aging, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.14.4.700
Gendron, Y., Suddaby, R., & Lam, H. (2006). An examination of the ethical commitment of professional accountants to auditor independence. Journal of Business Ethics, 64(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-3095-7
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). In Sage Publisher. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
Hitt, M. A., & Ireland, R. D. (1985). Corporate distinctive competence, strategy, industry and performance. Strategic Management Journal, 6(3), 273–293. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250060307
Ilomäki, L., Paavola, S., Lakkala, M., & Kantosalo, A. (2016). Digital competence – an emergent boundary concept for policy and educational research. Education and Information Technologies, 21(3), 655–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-014-9346-4
Impact of Job Stress on Employee Performance. (2017). International Journal of Accounting, Business & Management.
Jensen, M. (2001). Value maximisation, stakeholder theory, and the corporate objective function. European Financial Management, 7(3), 297–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-036X.00158
Khan, A. S., & Rasheed, F. (2015). Human resource management practices and project success, a moderating role of Islamic Work Ethics in Pakistani project-based organizations. International Journal of Project Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.08.006
Khdour, N. (2021). The role of human resource managers in the promotion of hotel sector as a brand in Jordanian hotel industry - a cross-sectional study. Cogent Business and Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1875535
Langton, N., Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A., & Breward, K. (2016). Organizational Behaviour: Concept, Controversies, Applications. 7th Edition. In Psychology and People: A Tutorial Text. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16909-2_19
Lee-Kelley, L. (2006). Locus of control and attitudes to working in virtual teams. International Journal of Project Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.01.003
Lee-Ross, D., & Pryce, J. (2005). A preliminary study of service predispositions amongst hospitality workers in Australia. Journal of Management Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710510598436
Leung, K., Ang, S., & Tan, M. L. (2014). Intercultural Competence. In Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091229
Lunenburg, F. C. (2011). Expectancy Theory of Motivation : Motivating by Altering Expectations. International Journal of Business Administration.
Madhavan, R., & Grover, R. (1998). From embedded knowledge to embodied knowledge: New product development as knowledge management. Journal of Marketing. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252283
Mehran, H., & Mollineaux, L. (2012). Corporate Governance of Financial Institutions. Annual Review of Financial Economics, 4(1), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-financial-110311-101821
Mohammad, J., Quoquab, F., Idris, F., Al-Jabari, M., Hussin, N., & Wishah, R. (2018). The relationship between Islamic work ethic and workplace outcome: A partial least squares approach. Personnel Review, 47(7), 1286–1308. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2017-0138
Panagiotis, M., Alexandros, S., & George, P. (2014). Organizational Culture and Motivation in the Public Sector. The Case of the City of Zografou. Procedia Economics and Finance, 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(14)00730-8
Perry, T., & Zenner, M. (2001). Pay for performance? Government regulation and the structure of compensation contracts. Journal of Financial Economics, 62(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(01)00083-6
Powell, T. C. (1992). Organizational alignment as competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 13(2), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250130204
Prendergast, C., & Topel, R. H. (1996). Favoritism in organizations. Journal of Political Economy, 104(5). https://doi.org/10.1086/262048
Qian, W., Burritt, R., & Monroe, G. (2011). Environmental management accounting in local government: A case of waste management. In Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal (Vol. 24, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1108/09513571111098072
Rabe, M., Giacomuzzi, S., & Nübling, M. (2012). Psychosocial workload and stress in the workers representative. BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-909
Rana, M. H., & Malik, M. S. (2017). Impact of human resource (HR) practices on organizational performance: Moderating role of Islamic principles. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-04-2016-0060
Raymond, L., & Bergeron, F. (2008). Enabling the business strategy of SMEs through e‐business capabilities: A strategic alignment perspective. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 108(5), 577–595. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635570810876723
Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A., Odendaal, A., & Roodt, G. (2016). Organisational behaviour: Global and Southern African Perspectives. In Pearson.
Rodríguez, S., Estévez, I., Piñeiro, I., Valle, A., Vieites, T., & Regueiro, B. (2021). Perceived competence and intrinsic motivation in mathematics: Exploring latent profiles. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168707
Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J. H., Becker, J. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal, 27(3), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.05.003
Spector, P. E. (1986). Perceived Control by Employees: A Meta-Analysis of Studies Concerning Autonomy and Participation at Work. Human Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678603901104
Springs, D. (2021). A Literature Content Analysis of Performance Incentives and Organizational Development Practices Focused on Nursing Job Satisfaction in Complex Health. International Journal of Public and Private Perspectives on Healthcare, Culture, and the Environment, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.4018/ijppphce.2021070101
Stošić, L. (2015). The importance of educational technology in teaching. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education.
Sturges, J., & Guest, D. (2004). Working to live or living to work? Work/life balance early in the career. Human Resource Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2004.tb00130.x
Suciu, L. E., Mortan, M., & Lazǎr, L. (2013). Vrooms expectancy theory. An empirical study: Civil servants performance appraisal influencing expectancy. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 39.
Suriyanti, S. (2020). Transformational Leadership, HRM Competence, Information Technology, and the Performance of Public Service Employee. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide Dan Inspirasi. https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v7i1.12415
Van Der Voordt, T. J. M. (2003). Costs and benefits of innovative workplace design. Facilities, 22(9/10).
Vandenabeele, W. (2009). The mediating effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on self-reported performance: More robust evidence of the PSM - Performance relationship. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 75(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852308099504
Wiewiora, A., Keast, R., & Brown, K. (2016). Opportunities and Challenges in Engaging Citizens in the Co-Production of Infrastructure-Based Public Services in Australia. Public Management Review, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2014.999820
Williamson, J., & Fitz-Gibbon, C. T. (1990). The Lack of Impact of Informafion: Performance Indicators for A Levels. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/174114329001800105
Wirtz, A., Nachreiner, F., & Rolfes, K. (2011). Working on Sundays-effects on safety, health, and work-life balance. Chronobiology International. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2011.565896
Yahya, S., & Goh, W. (2002). Managing human resources toward achieving knowledge management. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6(5), 457–468. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270210450414
References
Bae, K., Han, D., & Sohn, H. (2012). Importance of access to finance in reducing income inequality and poverty level. International Review of Public Administration, 17(1), 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/12264431.2012.10805217
Broedling, L. A. (1977). The Uses of the Intrinsic-Extrinsic Distinction in Explaining Motivation and Organizational Behavior . Academy of Management Review, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1977.4409056
Bryer, T. A. (2009). Explaining responsiveness in collaboration: Administrator and citizen role perceptions. Public Administration Review, 69(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.01973.x
Cameron, J., & Pierce, W. D. (1994). Reinforcement, Reward, and Intrinsic Motivation: A Meta-Analysis. Review of Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543064003363
Dehghani, A. (2020). Factors affecting professional ethics development in students: A qualitative study. Nursing Ethics, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733019845135
Deinert, A., Homan, A. C., Boer, D., Voelpel, S. C., & Gutermann, D. (2015). Transformational leadership sub-dimensions and their link to leaders’ personality and performance. Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.08.001
Dellaportas, S., Leung, P., Cooper, B. J., Lary, A. M., & Taylor, D. W. (2012). Governance characteristics and role effectiveness of audit committees. Managerial Auditing Journal, 27(4). https://doi.org/10.1108/02686901211217969
Edison, E., Anwar, Y., & Komariyah, I. (2016). Human Resource Management. Bandung: Alfabeta, Cv.
Ehrhart, K. H., Witt, L. A., Schneider, B., & Perry, S. J. (2011). Service Employees Give as They Get: Internal Service as a Moderator of the Service Climate-Service Outcomes Link. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(2), 423–431. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022071
Foss, N. J., & Lindenberg, S. (2013). Microfoundations for strategy: A goal-framing perspective on the drivers of value creation. Academy of Management Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2012.0103
Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1999). Selection, optimization, and compensation as strategies of life management: Correction to Freund and Bates (1998). Psychology and Aging, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.14.4.700
Gendron, Y., Suddaby, R., & Lam, H. (2006). An examination of the ethical commitment of professional accountants to auditor independence. Journal of Business Ethics, 64(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-3095-7
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). In Sage Publisher. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
Hitt, M. A., & Ireland, R. D. (1985). Corporate distinctive competence, strategy, industry and performance. Strategic Management Journal, 6(3), 273–293. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250060307
Ilomäki, L., Paavola, S., Lakkala, M., & Kantosalo, A. (2016). Digital competence – an emergent boundary concept for policy and educational research. Education and Information Technologies, 21(3), 655–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-014-9346-4
Impact of Job Stress on Employee Performance. (2017). International Journal of Accounting, Business & Management.
Jensen, M. (2001). Value maximisation, stakeholder theory, and the corporate objective function. European Financial Management, 7(3), 297–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-036X.00158
Khan, A. S., & Rasheed, F. (2015). Human resource management practices and project success, a moderating role of Islamic Work Ethics in Pakistani project-based organizations. International Journal of Project Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.08.006
Khdour, N. (2021). The role of human resource managers in the promotion of hotel sector as a brand in Jordanian hotel industry - a cross-sectional study. Cogent Business and Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1875535
Langton, N., Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A., & Breward, K. (2016). Organizational Behaviour: Concept, Controversies, Applications. 7th Edition. In Psychology and People: A Tutorial Text. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16909-2_19
Lee-Kelley, L. (2006). Locus of control and attitudes to working in virtual teams. International Journal of Project Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.01.003
Lee-Ross, D., & Pryce, J. (2005). A preliminary study of service predispositions amongst hospitality workers in Australia. Journal of Management Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710510598436
Leung, K., Ang, S., & Tan, M. L. (2014). Intercultural Competence. In Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091229
Lunenburg, F. C. (2011). Expectancy Theory of Motivation : Motivating by Altering Expectations. International Journal of Business Administration.
Madhavan, R., & Grover, R. (1998). From embedded knowledge to embodied knowledge: New product development as knowledge management. Journal of Marketing. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252283
Mehran, H., & Mollineaux, L. (2012). Corporate Governance of Financial Institutions. Annual Review of Financial Economics, 4(1), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-financial-110311-101821
Mohammad, J., Quoquab, F., Idris, F., Al-Jabari, M., Hussin, N., & Wishah, R. (2018). The relationship between Islamic work ethic and workplace outcome: A partial least squares approach. Personnel Review, 47(7), 1286–1308. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2017-0138
Panagiotis, M., Alexandros, S., & George, P. (2014). Organizational Culture and Motivation in the Public Sector. The Case of the City of Zografou. Procedia Economics and Finance, 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(14)00730-8
Perry, T., & Zenner, M. (2001). Pay for performance? Government regulation and the structure of compensation contracts. Journal of Financial Economics, 62(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(01)00083-6
Powell, T. C. (1992). Organizational alignment as competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 13(2), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250130204
Prendergast, C., & Topel, R. H. (1996). Favoritism in organizations. Journal of Political Economy, 104(5). https://doi.org/10.1086/262048
Qian, W., Burritt, R., & Monroe, G. (2011). Environmental management accounting in local government: A case of waste management. In Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal (Vol. 24, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1108/09513571111098072
Rabe, M., Giacomuzzi, S., & Nübling, M. (2012). Psychosocial workload and stress in the workers representative. BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-909
Rana, M. H., & Malik, M. S. (2017). Impact of human resource (HR) practices on organizational performance: Moderating role of Islamic principles. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-04-2016-0060
Raymond, L., & Bergeron, F. (2008). Enabling the business strategy of SMEs through e‐business capabilities: A strategic alignment perspective. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 108(5), 577–595. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635570810876723
Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A., Odendaal, A., & Roodt, G. (2016). Organisational behaviour: Global and Southern African Perspectives. In Pearson.
Rodríguez, S., Estévez, I., Piñeiro, I., Valle, A., Vieites, T., & Regueiro, B. (2021). Perceived competence and intrinsic motivation in mathematics: Exploring latent profiles. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168707
Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J. H., Becker, J. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal, 27(3), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.05.003
Spector, P. E. (1986). Perceived Control by Employees: A Meta-Analysis of Studies Concerning Autonomy and Participation at Work. Human Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678603901104
Springs, D. (2021). A Literature Content Analysis of Performance Incentives and Organizational Development Practices Focused on Nursing Job Satisfaction in Complex Health. International Journal of Public and Private Perspectives on Healthcare, Culture, and the Environment, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.4018/ijppphce.2021070101
Stošić, L. (2015). The importance of educational technology in teaching. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education.
Sturges, J., & Guest, D. (2004). Working to live or living to work? Work/life balance early in the career. Human Resource Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2004.tb00130.x
Suciu, L. E., Mortan, M., & Lazǎr, L. (2013). Vrooms expectancy theory. An empirical study: Civil servants performance appraisal influencing expectancy. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 39.
Suriyanti, S. (2020). Transformational Leadership, HRM Competence, Information Technology, and the Performance of Public Service Employee. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide Dan Inspirasi. https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v7i1.12415
Van Der Voordt, T. J. M. (2003). Costs and benefits of innovative workplace design. Facilities, 22(9/10).
Vandenabeele, W. (2009). The mediating effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on self-reported performance: More robust evidence of the PSM - Performance relationship. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 75(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852308099504
Wiewiora, A., Keast, R., & Brown, K. (2016). Opportunities and Challenges in Engaging Citizens in the Co-Production of Infrastructure-Based Public Services in Australia. Public Management Review, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2014.999820
Williamson, J., & Fitz-Gibbon, C. T. (1990). The Lack of Impact of Informafion: Performance Indicators for A Levels. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/174114329001800105
Wirtz, A., Nachreiner, F., & Rolfes, K. (2011). Working on Sundays-effects on safety, health, and work-life balance. Chronobiology International. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2011.565896
Yahya, S., & Goh, W. (2002). Managing human resources toward achieving knowledge management. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6(5), 457–468. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270210450414
Broedling, L. A. (1977). The Uses of the Intrinsic-Extrinsic Distinction in Explaining Motivation and Organizational Behavior . Academy of Management Review, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1977.4409056
Bryer, T. A. (2009). Explaining responsiveness in collaboration: Administrator and citizen role perceptions. Public Administration Review, 69(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.01973.x
Cameron, J., & Pierce, W. D. (1994). Reinforcement, Reward, and Intrinsic Motivation: A Meta-Analysis. Review of Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543064003363
Dehghani, A. (2020). Factors affecting professional ethics development in students: A qualitative study. Nursing Ethics, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733019845135
Deinert, A., Homan, A. C., Boer, D., Voelpel, S. C., & Gutermann, D. (2015). Transformational leadership sub-dimensions and their link to leaders’ personality and performance. Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.08.001
Dellaportas, S., Leung, P., Cooper, B. J., Lary, A. M., & Taylor, D. W. (2012). Governance characteristics and role effectiveness of audit committees. Managerial Auditing Journal, 27(4). https://doi.org/10.1108/02686901211217969
Edison, E., Anwar, Y., & Komariyah, I. (2016). Human Resource Management. Bandung: Alfabeta, Cv.
Ehrhart, K. H., Witt, L. A., Schneider, B., & Perry, S. J. (2011). Service Employees Give as They Get: Internal Service as a Moderator of the Service Climate-Service Outcomes Link. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(2), 423–431. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022071
Foss, N. J., & Lindenberg, S. (2013). Microfoundations for strategy: A goal-framing perspective on the drivers of value creation. Academy of Management Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2012.0103
Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1999). Selection, optimization, and compensation as strategies of life management: Correction to Freund and Bates (1998). Psychology and Aging, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.14.4.700
Gendron, Y., Suddaby, R., & Lam, H. (2006). An examination of the ethical commitment of professional accountants to auditor independence. Journal of Business Ethics, 64(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-3095-7
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). In Sage Publisher. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
Hitt, M. A., & Ireland, R. D. (1985). Corporate distinctive competence, strategy, industry and performance. Strategic Management Journal, 6(3), 273–293. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250060307
Ilomäki, L., Paavola, S., Lakkala, M., & Kantosalo, A. (2016). Digital competence – an emergent boundary concept for policy and educational research. Education and Information Technologies, 21(3), 655–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-014-9346-4
Impact of Job Stress on Employee Performance. (2017). International Journal of Accounting, Business & Management.
Jensen, M. (2001). Value maximisation, stakeholder theory, and the corporate objective function. European Financial Management, 7(3), 297–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-036X.00158
Khan, A. S., & Rasheed, F. (2015). Human resource management practices and project success, a moderating role of Islamic Work Ethics in Pakistani project-based organizations. International Journal of Project Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.08.006
Khdour, N. (2021). The role of human resource managers in the promotion of hotel sector as a brand in Jordanian hotel industry - a cross-sectional study. Cogent Business and Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1875535
Langton, N., Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A., & Breward, K. (2016). Organizational Behaviour: Concept, Controversies, Applications. 7th Edition. In Psychology and People: A Tutorial Text. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16909-2_19
Lee-Kelley, L. (2006). Locus of control and attitudes to working in virtual teams. International Journal of Project Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.01.003
Lee-Ross, D., & Pryce, J. (2005). A preliminary study of service predispositions amongst hospitality workers in Australia. Journal of Management Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710510598436
Leung, K., Ang, S., & Tan, M. L. (2014). Intercultural Competence. In Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091229
Lunenburg, F. C. (2011). Expectancy Theory of Motivation : Motivating by Altering Expectations. International Journal of Business Administration.
Madhavan, R., & Grover, R. (1998). From embedded knowledge to embodied knowledge: New product development as knowledge management. Journal of Marketing. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252283
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