Date Log
Submitted
15 October 2023
Accepted
7 March 2024
Published
19 June 2024
Copyright (c) 2024 Ryan Basith Fasih Khan, Bagas Adi Firmansyah (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Organizational Justice and Employee Cynicism: Can Trust Mediate?
Corresponding Author(s) : Ryan Basith Fasih Khan
Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide dan Inspirasi,
Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024): June
Abstract
This study examines how employee cynicism, characterized by negativity, skepticism, and distrust, can hinder productivity and organizational success. To understand this phenomenon in public organizations, we surveyed 163 public servants in East Java, Indonesia. We analyzed the data across different organizational sizes, performance levels, and strategic goals using an exploratory-based structural-equation model. Our findings reveal three key points. First, employees experience less cynicism when they perceive fairness, equality, and transparency in the workplace, highlighting the importance of organizational justice. Second, employee trust acts as a protective factor, further reducing cynicism. Finally, employee trust mediates the relationship between organizational justice and cynicism, suggesting that fostering trust strengthens the link between fair treatment and positive employee attitudes. These results emphasize the importance of staff departments and leadership promoting both organizational fairness and trust to create a healthier and more productive work environment.
Keywords
Organizational Justice
Trust
Employee Cynicism
Civil Servants
Khan, R. B. F., & Firmansyah, B. A. (2024). Organizational Justice and Employee Cynicism: Can Trust Mediate?. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide Dan Inspirasi, 11(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v11i1.41781
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References
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Abel, M. (2013). The Social And Financial Benefits Of Developing Employee Satisfaction. International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS), 17(2), 83. https://doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v17i2.7711
Abugre, J. B., & Acquaah, M. (2022). A contextual study of co-worker relationship and turnover intentions: the mediating role of employee cynicism. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 13(2), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEMS-08-2021-0384
Addison, J. T., & Teixeira, P. (2020). Trust and Workplace Performance. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 58(4), 874–903. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12517
Arslan, M., & Roudaki, J. (2019). Examining the role of employee engagement in the relationship between organisational cynicism and employee performance. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 39(1–2), 118–137. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-06-2018-0087
Behazad, T. (2020). Employee Cynicism and Organizational Change. Market Forces, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.51153/mf.v15i1.406
Blau, P. M. (1964). Justice in Social Exchange. Sociological Inquiry, 34(2), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1964.tb00583.x
Bowen, S. A., Hung-Baesecke, C. J. F., & Chen, Y. R. R. (2016). Ethics as a precursor to organization–public relationships: Building trust before and during the OPR model. Cogent Social Sciences, 2(1), 1141467. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2016.1141467
Chiaburu, D. S., Peng, A. C., Oh, I. S., Banks, G. C., & Lomeli, L. C. (2013). Antecedents and consequences of employee organizational cynicism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(2), 181–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.03.007
DeConinck, J. B. (2010). The effect of organizational justice, perceived organizational support, and perceived supervisor support on marketing employees’ level of trust. Journal of Business Research, 63(12), 1349–1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2010.01.003
Divya, B., & Seranmadevi, R. (2022). Impact of Cynicism Behaviour on Employee Engagement. Studies of Applied Economics, 40(S1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v40is1.5462
Dromereschi, M. (2010). Organizational trust or beyond appearances. Studies and Scientific Researches. Economics Edition, 15. https://doi.org/10.29358/sceco.v0i15.139
Durrah, O., Chaudhary, M., & Gharib, M. (2019). Organizational cynicism and its impact on organizational pride in industrial organizations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071203
Ferres, N., Connell, J., & Travaglione, A. (2004). Co-worker trust as a social catalyst for constructive employee attitudes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19(6), 608–622. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940410551516
Fiaz, M., Rasool, W., Ikram, A., & Rehman, N. (2021). Organizational justice and employees’ performance: A study of an emerging economy. Human Systems Management, 40(3), 395–406. https://doi.org/10.3233/HSM-190728
Gulati, R., & Wohlgezogen, F. (2023). Can Purpose Foster Stakeholder Trust in Corporations? Strategy Science, 8(2), 270–287. https://doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2023.0196
He, H., Zhu, W., & Zheng, X. (2014). Procedural justice and employee engagement: Roles of organizational identification and Moral Identity Centrality. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(4), 681–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1774-3
Holley, E., Thiel, C., & Avey, J. (2023). Justice perceptions and reappraisal: A path to preserving employee resilience. Human Performance, 36(2), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2023.2174120
Jiang, H., & Luo, Y. (2018). Crafting employee trust: from authenticity, transparency to engagement. Journal of Communication Management, 22(2), 138–160. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-07-2016-0055
Johnson, T. P. (2014). Snowball sampling: introduction. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online.
Kaliappan, P., & Kavitha, F. (2019). The critical role of the leader or supervisor in building the employee trust. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(3), 3878–3880. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.C5101.098319
Kasemsap, K. (2017). Exploring the role of organizational justice in the modern workplace. In Handbook of Research on Organizational Culture and Diversity in the Modern Workforce (pp. 323–345). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2250-8.ch015
Kesharwani, A., & Bisht, S. S. (2012). The impact of trust and perceived risk on internet banking adoption in India: An extension of technology acceptance model. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 30(4), 303–322. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652321211236923
Khouya, M., & Benabdelhadi, A. (2021). A holistic overview on the antecedents of organizational trust: Aggregated theoretical framework. International Journal of Accounting, Finance, Auditing, Management and Economics, 2(6–1), 518–530. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5736469
Kickul, J., Gundry, L. K., & Posig, M. (2005). Does trust matter? the relationship between equity sensitivity and perceived organizational justice. Journal of Business Ethics, 56(3), 205–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-004-0992-0
Klimchak, M., Ward Bartlett, A. K., & MacKenzie, W. (2020). Building trust and commitment through transparency and HR competence: A signaling perspective. Personnel Review, 49(9), 1897–1917. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-03-2019-0096
Kumar, S. P., & Saha, S. (2017). Influence of Trust and Participation in Decision Making on Employee Attitudes in Indian Public Sector Undertakings. SAGE Open, 7(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017733030
Lissillour, R., & Sahut, J. M. (2023). Uses of Information Systems to Develop Trust in Family Firms. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 65(2), 127–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-022-00776-6
Masterson, S. S. (2001). A trickle-down model of organizational justice: Relating employees’ and customers’ perceptions of and reactions to fairness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4), 594–604. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.4.594
Matzler, K., & Renzl, B. (2006). The relationship between interpersonal trust, employee satisfaction, and employee loyalty. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 17(10), 1261–1271. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783360600753653
Mayer, R. C., & Gavin, M. B. (2005). Trust in management and performance: Who minds the shop while the employees watch the boss? Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 874–888. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2005.18803928
McManus, J., & Mosca, J. (2015). Strategies To Build Trust And Improve Employee Engagement. International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS), 19(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v19i1.9056
Monachou, F., & Stoica, A.-A. (2022). Fairness and equity in resource allocation and decision-making. ACM SIGecom Exchanges, 20(1), 64–66. https://doi.org/10.1145/3572885.3572891
Mubashar, T., Musharraf, S., Khan, S., & Butt, T. A. (2022). Impact of organizational justice on employee engagement: The mediating role of organizational trust. Cogent Psychology, 9(1), 2080325. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2022.2080325
Myhill, A., & Bradford, B. (2013). Overcoming cop culture? Organizational justice and police officers’ attitudes toward the public. Policing, 36(2), 338–356. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511311329732
Nan, D., & Selama, P. (2022). The impact of organizational justice practices on employee organizational cynicism in Chinese banking industry. Global Conference on Business and Social Sciences Proceeding, 13, 1. https://doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2022.1(42)
Nan, J., & Mohamad, H. S. (2022). Managing Employee Cynicism Using Organizational Justice Practices and Support – a Case of Chinese Banking Industry. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 25(2), 218–233. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2022.25.2.14
Neves, P., & Eisenberger, R. (2012). Management Communication and Employee Performance: The Contribution of Perceived Organizational Support. Human Performance, 25(5), 452–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2012.721834
Ozyilmaz, A., Erdogan, B., & Karaeminogullari, A. (2018). Trust in organization as a moderator of the relationship between self-efficacy and workplace outcomes: A social cognitive theory-based examination. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91(1), 181–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12189
Rahayuningsih, I. (2019). The Positive Impact of Organizational Trust: a Systematic Review. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.12928/jehcp.v8i1.12195
Rawlins, B., & Rawlins, B. L. (2014). Measuring the relationship between organizational transparency and employee trust Newsroom Management View project Measuring the relationship between organizational transparency and employee trust. BYU ScholarsArchive, 2(2), 1–21.
Richards, J., & Kosmala, K. (2013). ‘In the end, you can only slag people off for so long’: employee cynicism through work blogging. New Technology, Work and Employment, 28(1), 66–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12004
Schabram, K. F., & Robinson, S. (2015). Low Employer Felt Trust and its Relation to Employee Cynicism and Diminished Work Contributions. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2015(1), 11217. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2015.11217abstract
Seifert, M., Brockner, J., Bianchi, E. C., & Moon, H. (2016). How workplace fairness affects employee commitment. MIT Sloan Management Review, 57(2), 14–17.
Serrano Archimi, C., Reynaud, E., Yasin, H. M., & Bhatti, Z. A. (2018). How Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility Affects Employee Cynicism: The Mediating Role of Organizational Trust. Journal of Business Ethics, 151(4), 907–921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3882-6
Shaharruddin, S., Ahmad, F., & Muhaizammusa, M. (2016). Cynicism in Organizations: Does Organizational Justice Matter? International Journal of Research in Business Studies and Management, 3(2), 49.
Shaharuddin, W. Y. W., Ahmad, M., Omar, S., & See, Y. (2022). Gossip as a medium of informal communication: A measurement model of gossip engagement at the workplace. SEARCH Journal of Media and Communication Research, 14(2), 47–61. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1474-0.ch003
Singh, U., & Srivastava, K. (2013). Building Organizational Trust for Positive Workplace Attitude. Political Science, 1–36.
Sullivan, D. M., & Bendell, B. L. (2023). Help! Lonely at work: Managerial interventions to combat employee loneliness. Business Horizons, 66(5), 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2023.01.001
Takemoto, R. T., Hiroko Oe, & Yasuyuki Yamaoka. (2021). Sustaianble Relationships within Organisations in an Age of Transition of Economy: Focus on Employees’ Trust in Organisations. Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance, 1(2), 57–69. https://doi.org/10.33258/economit.v1i2.439
Tamer, E. T., & Ozkan, H. (2020). Separate Works, Same Behaviors. In Organizational Behavior Challenges in the Tourism Industry (pp. 27–42). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1474-0.ch003
Tayfur, O., Bayhan Karapinar, P., & Metin Camgoz, S. (2013). The mediating effects of emotional exhaustion cynicism and learned helplessness on organizational justice-turnover intentions linkage. International Journal of Stress Management, 20(3), 193–221. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033938
Treviño, L. K., & Weaver, G. R. (2001). Organizational Justice and Ethics Program “Follow-Through”: Influences on Employees’ Harmful and Helpful Behavior. Business Ethics Quarterly, 11(4), 651–671. https://doi.org/10.2307/3857765
Turgut, T., Agun, H., & Üniversitesi, M. (2016). The Relationship Between Organizational Justice and Organizational Cynicism: The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital and Employee Voice. Journal of Behavior at Work, 1(1), 15–26. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314868948
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References
Abel, M. (2013). The Social And Financial Benefits Of Developing Employee Satisfaction. International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS), 17(2), 83. https://doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v17i2.7711
Abugre, J. B., & Acquaah, M. (2022). A contextual study of co-worker relationship and turnover intentions: the mediating role of employee cynicism. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 13(2), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEMS-08-2021-0384
Addison, J. T., & Teixeira, P. (2020). Trust and Workplace Performance. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 58(4), 874–903. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12517
Arslan, M., & Roudaki, J. (2019). Examining the role of employee engagement in the relationship between organisational cynicism and employee performance. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 39(1–2), 118–137. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-06-2018-0087
Behazad, T. (2020). Employee Cynicism and Organizational Change. Market Forces, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.51153/mf.v15i1.406
Blau, P. M. (1964). Justice in Social Exchange. Sociological Inquiry, 34(2), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1964.tb00583.x
Bowen, S. A., Hung-Baesecke, C. J. F., & Chen, Y. R. R. (2016). Ethics as a precursor to organization–public relationships: Building trust before and during the OPR model. Cogent Social Sciences, 2(1), 1141467. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2016.1141467
Chiaburu, D. S., Peng, A. C., Oh, I. S., Banks, G. C., & Lomeli, L. C. (2013). Antecedents and consequences of employee organizational cynicism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(2), 181–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.03.007
DeConinck, J. B. (2010). The effect of organizational justice, perceived organizational support, and perceived supervisor support on marketing employees’ level of trust. Journal of Business Research, 63(12), 1349–1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2010.01.003
Divya, B., & Seranmadevi, R. (2022). Impact of Cynicism Behaviour on Employee Engagement. Studies of Applied Economics, 40(S1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v40is1.5462
Dromereschi, M. (2010). Organizational trust or beyond appearances. Studies and Scientific Researches. Economics Edition, 15. https://doi.org/10.29358/sceco.v0i15.139
Durrah, O., Chaudhary, M., & Gharib, M. (2019). Organizational cynicism and its impact on organizational pride in industrial organizations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071203
Ferres, N., Connell, J., & Travaglione, A. (2004). Co-worker trust as a social catalyst for constructive employee attitudes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19(6), 608–622. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940410551516
Fiaz, M., Rasool, W., Ikram, A., & Rehman, N. (2021). Organizational justice and employees’ performance: A study of an emerging economy. Human Systems Management, 40(3), 395–406. https://doi.org/10.3233/HSM-190728
Gulati, R., & Wohlgezogen, F. (2023). Can Purpose Foster Stakeholder Trust in Corporations? Strategy Science, 8(2), 270–287. https://doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2023.0196
He, H., Zhu, W., & Zheng, X. (2014). Procedural justice and employee engagement: Roles of organizational identification and Moral Identity Centrality. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(4), 681–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1774-3
Holley, E., Thiel, C., & Avey, J. (2023). Justice perceptions and reappraisal: A path to preserving employee resilience. Human Performance, 36(2), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2023.2174120
Jiang, H., & Luo, Y. (2018). Crafting employee trust: from authenticity, transparency to engagement. Journal of Communication Management, 22(2), 138–160. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-07-2016-0055
Johnson, T. P. (2014). Snowball sampling: introduction. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online.
Kaliappan, P., & Kavitha, F. (2019). The critical role of the leader or supervisor in building the employee trust. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(3), 3878–3880. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.C5101.098319
Kasemsap, K. (2017). Exploring the role of organizational justice in the modern workplace. In Handbook of Research on Organizational Culture and Diversity in the Modern Workforce (pp. 323–345). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2250-8.ch015
Kesharwani, A., & Bisht, S. S. (2012). The impact of trust and perceived risk on internet banking adoption in India: An extension of technology acceptance model. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 30(4), 303–322. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652321211236923
Khouya, M., & Benabdelhadi, A. (2021). A holistic overview on the antecedents of organizational trust: Aggregated theoretical framework. International Journal of Accounting, Finance, Auditing, Management and Economics, 2(6–1), 518–530. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5736469
Kickul, J., Gundry, L. K., & Posig, M. (2005). Does trust matter? the relationship between equity sensitivity and perceived organizational justice. Journal of Business Ethics, 56(3), 205–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-004-0992-0
Klimchak, M., Ward Bartlett, A. K., & MacKenzie, W. (2020). Building trust and commitment through transparency and HR competence: A signaling perspective. Personnel Review, 49(9), 1897–1917. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-03-2019-0096
Kumar, S. P., & Saha, S. (2017). Influence of Trust and Participation in Decision Making on Employee Attitudes in Indian Public Sector Undertakings. SAGE Open, 7(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017733030
Lissillour, R., & Sahut, J. M. (2023). Uses of Information Systems to Develop Trust in Family Firms. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 65(2), 127–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-022-00776-6
Masterson, S. S. (2001). A trickle-down model of organizational justice: Relating employees’ and customers’ perceptions of and reactions to fairness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4), 594–604. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.4.594
Matzler, K., & Renzl, B. (2006). The relationship between interpersonal trust, employee satisfaction, and employee loyalty. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 17(10), 1261–1271. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783360600753653
Mayer, R. C., & Gavin, M. B. (2005). Trust in management and performance: Who minds the shop while the employees watch the boss? Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 874–888. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2005.18803928
McManus, J., & Mosca, J. (2015). Strategies To Build Trust And Improve Employee Engagement. International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS), 19(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v19i1.9056
Monachou, F., & Stoica, A.-A. (2022). Fairness and equity in resource allocation and decision-making. ACM SIGecom Exchanges, 20(1), 64–66. https://doi.org/10.1145/3572885.3572891
Mubashar, T., Musharraf, S., Khan, S., & Butt, T. A. (2022). Impact of organizational justice on employee engagement: The mediating role of organizational trust. Cogent Psychology, 9(1), 2080325. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2022.2080325
Myhill, A., & Bradford, B. (2013). Overcoming cop culture? Organizational justice and police officers’ attitudes toward the public. Policing, 36(2), 338–356. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511311329732
Nan, D., & Selama, P. (2022). The impact of organizational justice practices on employee organizational cynicism in Chinese banking industry. Global Conference on Business and Social Sciences Proceeding, 13, 1. https://doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2022.1(42)
Nan, J., & Mohamad, H. S. (2022). Managing Employee Cynicism Using Organizational Justice Practices and Support – a Case of Chinese Banking Industry. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 25(2), 218–233. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2022.25.2.14
Neves, P., & Eisenberger, R. (2012). Management Communication and Employee Performance: The Contribution of Perceived Organizational Support. Human Performance, 25(5), 452–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2012.721834
Ozyilmaz, A., Erdogan, B., & Karaeminogullari, A. (2018). Trust in organization as a moderator of the relationship between self-efficacy and workplace outcomes: A social cognitive theory-based examination. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91(1), 181–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12189
Rahayuningsih, I. (2019). The Positive Impact of Organizational Trust: a Systematic Review. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.12928/jehcp.v8i1.12195
Rawlins, B., & Rawlins, B. L. (2014). Measuring the relationship between organizational transparency and employee trust Newsroom Management View project Measuring the relationship between organizational transparency and employee trust. BYU ScholarsArchive, 2(2), 1–21.
Richards, J., & Kosmala, K. (2013). ‘In the end, you can only slag people off for so long’: employee cynicism through work blogging. New Technology, Work and Employment, 28(1), 66–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12004
Schabram, K. F., & Robinson, S. (2015). Low Employer Felt Trust and its Relation to Employee Cynicism and Diminished Work Contributions. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2015(1), 11217. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2015.11217abstract
Seifert, M., Brockner, J., Bianchi, E. C., & Moon, H. (2016). How workplace fairness affects employee commitment. MIT Sloan Management Review, 57(2), 14–17.
Serrano Archimi, C., Reynaud, E., Yasin, H. M., & Bhatti, Z. A. (2018). How Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility Affects Employee Cynicism: The Mediating Role of Organizational Trust. Journal of Business Ethics, 151(4), 907–921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3882-6
Shaharruddin, S., Ahmad, F., & Muhaizammusa, M. (2016). Cynicism in Organizations: Does Organizational Justice Matter? International Journal of Research in Business Studies and Management, 3(2), 49.
Shaharuddin, W. Y. W., Ahmad, M., Omar, S., & See, Y. (2022). Gossip as a medium of informal communication: A measurement model of gossip engagement at the workplace. SEARCH Journal of Media and Communication Research, 14(2), 47–61. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1474-0.ch003
Singh, U., & Srivastava, K. (2013). Building Organizational Trust for Positive Workplace Attitude. Political Science, 1–36.
Sullivan, D. M., & Bendell, B. L. (2023). Help! Lonely at work: Managerial interventions to combat employee loneliness. Business Horizons, 66(5), 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2023.01.001
Takemoto, R. T., Hiroko Oe, & Yasuyuki Yamaoka. (2021). Sustaianble Relationships within Organisations in an Age of Transition of Economy: Focus on Employees’ Trust in Organisations. Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance, 1(2), 57–69. https://doi.org/10.33258/economit.v1i2.439
Tamer, E. T., & Ozkan, H. (2020). Separate Works, Same Behaviors. In Organizational Behavior Challenges in the Tourism Industry (pp. 27–42). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1474-0.ch003
Tayfur, O., Bayhan Karapinar, P., & Metin Camgoz, S. (2013). The mediating effects of emotional exhaustion cynicism and learned helplessness on organizational justice-turnover intentions linkage. International Journal of Stress Management, 20(3), 193–221. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033938
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