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All submitted manuscripts are screened via Turnitin before peer review. Submissions exceeding the 25% similarity threshold, or those involving data fabrication, duplicate submission, or ghostwriting, will be rejected immediately.

AI tools cannot be listed as authors. Authors using AI for copyediting or language refinement must transparently disclose tool usage in a dedicated statement. AI manipulation of scientific primary data or figures is strictly prohibited.

All articles are assigned a unique Digital Object Identifier (DOI) via Crossref and digitally preserved in institutional repositories. Authors retain copyright and are encouraged to self-archive published PDF versions.

The journal adheres to COPE guidelines for issuing formal Corrigenda (author errors), Errata (publisher errors), or Article Retractions in cases of proven misconduct, data falsification, unethical research, or severe copyright infringement.

Authors must declare any potential personal, financial, or institutional conflicts of interest that could inappropriately influence their work. Reviewers and editors must also recuse themselves from processing manuscripts where competing interests exist.

Allegations of misconduct raised before or after publication are investigated rigorously by the Editor-in-Chief following COPE flowcharts, ensuring due process, confidentiality, and fair right of reply for all involved parties.