Date Log
Submitted
25 January 2024
Accepted
19 June 2024
Published
19 June 2024
Copyright (c) 2024 Ahmad Ahmad, St. Nurhayati Azis, Moh Zulkifli Murfat (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Beyond the Badge: The Determinants of Indonesian Public-Servant Performance
Corresponding Author(s) : St. Nurhayati Azis
Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide dan Inspirasi,
Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024): June
Abstract
Indonesia's public servants struggle to match the comparative performance of its top ASEAN peers, potentially due to an underdeveloped workforce. This study, drawing on insights from 214 public servants, delves deeper to identify key performance drivers. Surprisingly, this analysis, using a Structural Equation Model, reveals no significant link between organizational culture and employee commitment, motivation, or performance. Instead, the study pinpoints competency mismatch as the critical factor hindering effectiveness. Actionable insights emerge, highlighting the need for strategic skill development programs tailored to individual roles and responsibilities. Furthermore, the research underscores the current emphasis on behavioral factors, calling for a shift towards targeted interventions that modify employee behavior and drive performance improvement.
Keywords
Job Performance
Organizational Culture
Competence
Organizational Commitment
Job Motivation
Ahmad, A., Azis, S. N., & Murfat, M. Z. (2024). Beyond the Badge: The Determinants of Indonesian Public-Servant Performance. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide Dan Inspirasi, 11(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v11i1.45228
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References
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Alon, I., & Higgins, J. M. (2005). Global leadership success through emotional and cultural intelligences. Business Horizons. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2005.04.003
Baloch, Q. B., Maher, S., Iqbal, N., Shah, S. N., Sheeraz, M., Raheem, F., & Khan, K. I. (2022). Role of organizational environment in sustained organizational economic performance. Business Process Management Journal, 28(1), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-02-2021-0084
Bolívar-Ramos, M. T., García-Morales, V. J., & García-Sánchez, E. (2012). Technological distinctive competencies and organizational learning: Effects on organizational innovation to improve firm performance. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management - JET-M, 29(3), 331–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2012.03.006
Bryer, T. A. (2009). Explaining responsiveness in collaboration: Administrator and citizen role perceptions. Public Administration Review, 69(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.01973.x
Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2012). Research Brief. Race Against The Machine: How The Digital Revolution Is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and The Economy. The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology.
Charoensukmongkol, P., & Lamsam, N. (2022). Effect of CEO transformational leadership on organizational ethical culture and firm performance: the moderating effect of competitive intensity. Journal of Asia Business Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-12-2021-0513
Denhardt, R. B., & Denhardt, J. V. (2000). The new public service: Serving rather than steering. Public Administration Review, 60(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00117
Denhardt, J. V., & Denhardt, R. B. (2015). The New Public Service Revisited. Public Administration Review, 75(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12347
Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990). Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Diligence, Commitment, and Innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.75.1.51
Eliyana, A., Ma’arif, S., & Muzakki. (2019). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment effect in the transformational leadership towards employee performance. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 25(3), 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.05.001
Erb, M. (2011). Talk of corruption in Eastern Indonesian communities: Reactions to local government in the post-Suharto reform era. In Asian Journal of Social Science (Vol. 39, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1163/156853111X565878
Ghorbanpour, Z., Dehnavi, H. D., & Heyrani, F. (2014). Investigating The Effect of Organization Commitment on Performance of Auditors in The Community of Certified Accountants. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 5(10).
Husin, W. N. W., & Kernain, N. F. Z. (2020). The Influence of Individual Behaviour and Organizational Commitment Towards the Enhancement of Islamic Work Ethics at Royal Malaysian Air Force. Journal of Business Ethics, 166(3), 523–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04118-7
Indrayani, I., Nurhatisyah, N., Damsar, D., & Wibisono, C. (2023). How does millennial employee job satisfaction affect performance? Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-01-2023-0004
Kline, R. B. (1998). Software Review: Software Programs for Structural Equation Modeling: Amos, EQS, and LISREL. In Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment (Vol. 16, Issue 4, pp. 343–364). https://doi.org/10.1177/073428299801600407
Kotiloglu, S., Blettner, D., & Lechler, T. G. (2023). Integrating national culture into the organizational performance feedback theory. European Management Journal, January. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2023.01.003
Labiris, G., Gitona, K., Drosou, V., & Niakas, D. (2008). A proposed instrument for the assessment of job satisfaction in Greek Mental NHS Hospitals. Journal of Medical Systems, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-008-9138-8
Lanjouw, P., & Pradhan, M. (2002). Poverty, education and health in Indonesia: Who benefits from public spending? Education and ….
Liu, G., Tsui, E., & Kianto, A. (2021). Knowledge-friendly organisational culture and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business Research, 134(February), 738–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.05.048
Liu, Z. (2021). The impact of government policy on macro dynamic innovation of the creative industries: Studies of the uk’s and china’s animation sectors. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030168
Lu, L., Ko, Y. M., Chen, H. Y., Chueh, J. W., Chen, P. Y., & Cooper, C. L. (2022). Patient Safety and Staff Well-Being: Organizational Culture as a Resource. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063722
Menchik, J. (2016). Islam and democracy in Indonesia: Tolerance without liberalism. In Islam and Democracy in Indonesia: Tolerance without Liberalism. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316344446
Meng, J., & Berger, B. K. (2019). The impact of organizational culture and leadership performance on PR professionals’ job satisfaction: Testing the joint mediating effects of engagement and trust. Public Relations Review, 45(1), 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.11.002
Mikkelsen, K. S., Schuster, C., Meyer-Sahling, J. H., & Wettig, M. R. (2022). Bureaucratic Professionalization is a Contagious Process Inside Government: Evidence from a Priming Experiment with 3,000 Chilean Civil Servants. Public Administration Review, 82(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13446
Mostafa, A. M. S., Yunus, S., Au, W. C., & Cai, Z. (2023). Co-worker undermining, emotional exhaustion and organisational commitment: the moderating role of servant leadership. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 38(3), 194–209. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2022-0351
Nazarian, A., Atkinson, P., & Foroudi, P. (2017). Influence of national culture and balanced organizational culture on the hotel industry’s performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 63, 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.01.003
Ordanini, A., & Parasuraman, A. (2011). Service innovation viewed through a service-dominant logic lens: A conceptual framework and empirical analysis. Journal of Service Research, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670510385332
Panagiotis, M., Alexandros, S., & George, P. (2014). Organizational Culture and Motivation in the Public Sector. The Case of the City of Zografou. Procedia Economics and Finance, 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(14)00730-8
Pisano, G. P. (2019). The Hard Truth About Innovative Cultures: Creativity can be messy. It needs discipline and management. Harvard Business Review, February.
Reiter, R., & Klenk, T. (2019). The manifold meanings of ‘post-New Public Management’ – a systematic literature review. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 85(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852318759736
Resick, C. J., Hargis, M. B., Shao, P., & Dust, S. B. (2013). Ethical leadership, moral equity judgments, and discretionary workplace behavior. Human Relations, 66(7), 951–972. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713481633
Rijal, S. (2020). Following Arab Saints: Urban Muslim youth and traditional piety in Indonesia. Indonesia and the Malay World, 48(141). https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2020.1729540
Sawant, K., & Pise, A. (2021). The impact of high-performance work systems on service quality in the telecom industry of oman. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 24(1), 337–353. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2021.24.1.20
Simunaniemi, A. M., Saarela, M., & Muhos, M. (2022). Characteristics of growth management in healthcare business: applying and developing the stages of growth service framework. International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 21(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMED.2022.120538
Suriyanti, S. (2020). Transformational Leadership, HRM Competence, Information Technology, and the Performance of Public Service Employee. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide Dan Inspirasi. https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v7i1.12415
Suzuki, K., & Hur, H. (2020). Bureaucratic structures and organizational commitment: findings from a comparative study of 20 European countries. Public Management Review, 22(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1619813
Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2008). Service-dominant logic: Continuing the evolution. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-007-0069-6
Wiewiora, A., Keast, R., & Brown, K. (2016). Opportunities and Challenges in Engaging Citizens in the Co-Production of Infrastructure-Based Public Services in Australia. Public Management Review, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2014.999820
Zaal, R. O. S., Jeurissen, R. J. M., & Groenland, E. A. G. (2019). Organizational Architecture, Ethical Culture, and Perceived Unethical Behavior Towards Customers: Evidence from Wholesale Banking. Journal of Business Ethics, 158(3), 825–848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3752-7
Zehir, C., Sehitoglu, Y., & Erdogan, E. (2012). The Effect of Leadership and Supervisory Commitment to Organizational Performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.994
References
Alon, I., & Higgins, J. M. (2005). Global leadership success through emotional and cultural intelligences. Business Horizons. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2005.04.003
Baloch, Q. B., Maher, S., Iqbal, N., Shah, S. N., Sheeraz, M., Raheem, F., & Khan, K. I. (2022). Role of organizational environment in sustained organizational economic performance. Business Process Management Journal, 28(1), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-02-2021-0084
Bolívar-Ramos, M. T., García-Morales, V. J., & García-Sánchez, E. (2012). Technological distinctive competencies and organizational learning: Effects on organizational innovation to improve firm performance. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management - JET-M, 29(3), 331–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2012.03.006
Bryer, T. A. (2009). Explaining responsiveness in collaboration: Administrator and citizen role perceptions. Public Administration Review, 69(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.01973.x
Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2012). Research Brief. Race Against The Machine: How The Digital Revolution Is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and The Economy. The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology.
Charoensukmongkol, P., & Lamsam, N. (2022). Effect of CEO transformational leadership on organizational ethical culture and firm performance: the moderating effect of competitive intensity. Journal of Asia Business Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-12-2021-0513
Denhardt, R. B., & Denhardt, J. V. (2000). The new public service: Serving rather than steering. Public Administration Review, 60(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00117
Denhardt, J. V., & Denhardt, R. B. (2015). The New Public Service Revisited. Public Administration Review, 75(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12347
Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990). Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Diligence, Commitment, and Innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.75.1.51
Eliyana, A., Ma’arif, S., & Muzakki. (2019). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment effect in the transformational leadership towards employee performance. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 25(3), 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.05.001
Erb, M. (2011). Talk of corruption in Eastern Indonesian communities: Reactions to local government in the post-Suharto reform era. In Asian Journal of Social Science (Vol. 39, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1163/156853111X565878
Ghorbanpour, Z., Dehnavi, H. D., & Heyrani, F. (2014). Investigating The Effect of Organization Commitment on Performance of Auditors in The Community of Certified Accountants. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 5(10).
Husin, W. N. W., & Kernain, N. F. Z. (2020). The Influence of Individual Behaviour and Organizational Commitment Towards the Enhancement of Islamic Work Ethics at Royal Malaysian Air Force. Journal of Business Ethics, 166(3), 523–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04118-7
Indrayani, I., Nurhatisyah, N., Damsar, D., & Wibisono, C. (2023). How does millennial employee job satisfaction affect performance? Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-01-2023-0004
Kline, R. B. (1998). Software Review: Software Programs for Structural Equation Modeling: Amos, EQS, and LISREL. In Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment (Vol. 16, Issue 4, pp. 343–364). https://doi.org/10.1177/073428299801600407
Kotiloglu, S., Blettner, D., & Lechler, T. G. (2023). Integrating national culture into the organizational performance feedback theory. European Management Journal, January. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2023.01.003
Labiris, G., Gitona, K., Drosou, V., & Niakas, D. (2008). A proposed instrument for the assessment of job satisfaction in Greek Mental NHS Hospitals. Journal of Medical Systems, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-008-9138-8
Lanjouw, P., & Pradhan, M. (2002). Poverty, education and health in Indonesia: Who benefits from public spending? Education and ….
Liu, G., Tsui, E., & Kianto, A. (2021). Knowledge-friendly organisational culture and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business Research, 134(February), 738–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.05.048
Liu, Z. (2021). The impact of government policy on macro dynamic innovation of the creative industries: Studies of the uk’s and china’s animation sectors. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030168
Lu, L., Ko, Y. M., Chen, H. Y., Chueh, J. W., Chen, P. Y., & Cooper, C. L. (2022). Patient Safety and Staff Well-Being: Organizational Culture as a Resource. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063722
Menchik, J. (2016). Islam and democracy in Indonesia: Tolerance without liberalism. In Islam and Democracy in Indonesia: Tolerance without Liberalism. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316344446
Meng, J., & Berger, B. K. (2019). The impact of organizational culture and leadership performance on PR professionals’ job satisfaction: Testing the joint mediating effects of engagement and trust. Public Relations Review, 45(1), 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.11.002
Mikkelsen, K. S., Schuster, C., Meyer-Sahling, J. H., & Wettig, M. R. (2022). Bureaucratic Professionalization is a Contagious Process Inside Government: Evidence from a Priming Experiment with 3,000 Chilean Civil Servants. Public Administration Review, 82(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13446
Mostafa, A. M. S., Yunus, S., Au, W. C., & Cai, Z. (2023). Co-worker undermining, emotional exhaustion and organisational commitment: the moderating role of servant leadership. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 38(3), 194–209. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2022-0351
Nazarian, A., Atkinson, P., & Foroudi, P. (2017). Influence of national culture and balanced organizational culture on the hotel industry’s performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 63, 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.01.003
Ordanini, A., & Parasuraman, A. (2011). Service innovation viewed through a service-dominant logic lens: A conceptual framework and empirical analysis. Journal of Service Research, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670510385332
Panagiotis, M., Alexandros, S., & George, P. (2014). Organizational Culture and Motivation in the Public Sector. The Case of the City of Zografou. Procedia Economics and Finance, 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(14)00730-8
Pisano, G. P. (2019). The Hard Truth About Innovative Cultures: Creativity can be messy. It needs discipline and management. Harvard Business Review, February.
Reiter, R., & Klenk, T. (2019). The manifold meanings of ‘post-New Public Management’ – a systematic literature review. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 85(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852318759736
Resick, C. J., Hargis, M. B., Shao, P., & Dust, S. B. (2013). Ethical leadership, moral equity judgments, and discretionary workplace behavior. Human Relations, 66(7), 951–972. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713481633
Rijal, S. (2020). Following Arab Saints: Urban Muslim youth and traditional piety in Indonesia. Indonesia and the Malay World, 48(141). https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2020.1729540
Sawant, K., & Pise, A. (2021). The impact of high-performance work systems on service quality in the telecom industry of oman. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 24(1), 337–353. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2021.24.1.20
Simunaniemi, A. M., Saarela, M., & Muhos, M. (2022). Characteristics of growth management in healthcare business: applying and developing the stages of growth service framework. International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 21(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMED.2022.120538
Suriyanti, S. (2020). Transformational Leadership, HRM Competence, Information Technology, and the Performance of Public Service Employee. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide Dan Inspirasi. https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v7i1.12415
Suzuki, K., & Hur, H. (2020). Bureaucratic structures and organizational commitment: findings from a comparative study of 20 European countries. Public Management Review, 22(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1619813
Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2008). Service-dominant logic: Continuing the evolution. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-007-0069-6
Wiewiora, A., Keast, R., & Brown, K. (2016). Opportunities and Challenges in Engaging Citizens in the Co-Production of Infrastructure-Based Public Services in Australia. Public Management Review, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2014.999820
Zaal, R. O. S., Jeurissen, R. J. M., & Groenland, E. A. G. (2019). Organizational Architecture, Ethical Culture, and Perceived Unethical Behavior Towards Customers: Evidence from Wholesale Banking. Journal of Business Ethics, 158(3), 825–848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3752-7
Zehir, C., Sehitoglu, Y., & Erdogan, E. (2012). The Effect of Leadership and Supervisory Commitment to Organizational Performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.994
Baloch, Q. B., Maher, S., Iqbal, N., Shah, S. N., Sheeraz, M., Raheem, F., & Khan, K. I. (2022). Role of organizational environment in sustained organizational economic performance. Business Process Management Journal, 28(1), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-02-2021-0084
Bolívar-Ramos, M. T., García-Morales, V. J., & García-Sánchez, E. (2012). Technological distinctive competencies and organizational learning: Effects on organizational innovation to improve firm performance. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management - JET-M, 29(3), 331–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2012.03.006
Bryer, T. A. (2009). Explaining responsiveness in collaboration: Administrator and citizen role perceptions. Public Administration Review, 69(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.01973.x
Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2012). Research Brief. Race Against The Machine: How The Digital Revolution Is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and The Economy. The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology.
Charoensukmongkol, P., & Lamsam, N. (2022). Effect of CEO transformational leadership on organizational ethical culture and firm performance: the moderating effect of competitive intensity. Journal of Asia Business Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-12-2021-0513
Denhardt, R. B., & Denhardt, J. V. (2000). The new public service: Serving rather than steering. Public Administration Review, 60(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00117
Denhardt, J. V., & Denhardt, R. B. (2015). The New Public Service Revisited. Public Administration Review, 75(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12347
Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990). Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Diligence, Commitment, and Innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.75.1.51
Eliyana, A., Ma’arif, S., & Muzakki. (2019). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment effect in the transformational leadership towards employee performance. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 25(3), 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.05.001
Erb, M. (2011). Talk of corruption in Eastern Indonesian communities: Reactions to local government in the post-Suharto reform era. In Asian Journal of Social Science (Vol. 39, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1163/156853111X565878
Ghorbanpour, Z., Dehnavi, H. D., & Heyrani, F. (2014). Investigating The Effect of Organization Commitment on Performance of Auditors in The Community of Certified Accountants. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 5(10).
Husin, W. N. W., & Kernain, N. F. Z. (2020). The Influence of Individual Behaviour and Organizational Commitment Towards the Enhancement of Islamic Work Ethics at Royal Malaysian Air Force. Journal of Business Ethics, 166(3), 523–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04118-7
Indrayani, I., Nurhatisyah, N., Damsar, D., & Wibisono, C. (2023). How does millennial employee job satisfaction affect performance? Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-01-2023-0004
Kline, R. B. (1998). Software Review: Software Programs for Structural Equation Modeling: Amos, EQS, and LISREL. In Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment (Vol. 16, Issue 4, pp. 343–364). https://doi.org/10.1177/073428299801600407
Kotiloglu, S., Blettner, D., & Lechler, T. G. (2023). Integrating national culture into the organizational performance feedback theory. European Management Journal, January. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2023.01.003
Labiris, G., Gitona, K., Drosou, V., & Niakas, D. (2008). A proposed instrument for the assessment of job satisfaction in Greek Mental NHS Hospitals. Journal of Medical Systems, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-008-9138-8
Lanjouw, P., & Pradhan, M. (2002). Poverty, education and health in Indonesia: Who benefits from public spending? Education and ….
Liu, G., Tsui, E., & Kianto, A. (2021). Knowledge-friendly organisational culture and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business Research, 134(February), 738–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.05.048
Liu, Z. (2021). The impact of government policy on macro dynamic innovation of the creative industries: Studies of the uk’s and china’s animation sectors. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030168
Lu, L., Ko, Y. M., Chen, H. Y., Chueh, J. W., Chen, P. Y., & Cooper, C. L. (2022). Patient Safety and Staff Well-Being: Organizational Culture as a Resource. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063722
Menchik, J. (2016). Islam and democracy in Indonesia: Tolerance without liberalism. In Islam and Democracy in Indonesia: Tolerance without Liberalism. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316344446
Meng, J., & Berger, B. K. (2019). The impact of organizational culture and leadership performance on PR professionals’ job satisfaction: Testing the joint mediating effects of engagement and trust. Public Relations Review, 45(1), 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.11.002
Mikkelsen, K. S., Schuster, C., Meyer-Sahling, J. H., & Wettig, M. R. (2022). Bureaucratic Professionalization is a Contagious Process Inside Government: Evidence from a Priming Experiment with 3,000 Chilean Civil Servants. Public Administration Review, 82(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13446
Mostafa, A. M. S., Yunus, S., Au, W. C., & Cai, Z. (2023). Co-worker undermining, emotional exhaustion and organisational commitment: the moderating role of servant leadership. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 38(3), 194–209. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2022-0351
Nazarian, A., Atkinson, P., & Foroudi, P. (2017). Influence of national culture and balanced organizational culture on the hotel industry’s performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 63, 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.01.003
Ordanini, A., & Parasuraman, A. (2011). Service innovation viewed through a service-dominant logic lens: A conceptual framework and empirical analysis. Journal of Service Research, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670510385332
Panagiotis, M., Alexandros, S., & George, P. (2014). Organizational Culture and Motivation in the Public Sector. The Case of the City of Zografou. Procedia Economics and Finance, 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(14)00730-8
Pisano, G. P. (2019). The Hard Truth About Innovative Cultures: Creativity can be messy. It needs discipline and management. Harvard Business Review, February.
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