Date Log
Submitted
8 March 2024
Accepted
28 June 2024
Published
30 June 2024
Copyright (c) 2024 Ajna Cakra Bayu Mahendra, Ika Nurul Qamari, Mastura Roni (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Ethical Leadership, Ethical Culture, Voice Behaviour, and Employee Performance
Corresponding Author(s) : Ika Nurul Qamari
Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide dan Inspirasi,
Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024): June
Abstract
Employees are required to maintain positive interactions with one another in the workplace. This study advances the conversation of ethical leadership and ethical culture on employee performance, with voice behavior as a mediator. This study distributed 350 questionnaires to construction company employees in Bantul, Indonesia, and obtained a 153-response rate (43.71%). Structural equation modeling with Amos software is used to analyze the coded information. This study found a substantial link between ethical leadership, ethical culture, and voice behavior in increasing employee performance. Furthermore, voice behavior was discovered to mediate in both relationships. The finding implies a critical need to maintain positive conversations inside firms as they are part of job satisfaction indicators.
Keywords
Ethical Leadership
Ethical Culture
Voice Behavior
Employee Performance
Mahendra, A. C. B., Qamari, I. N., & Roni, M. (2024). Ethical Leadership, Ethical Culture, Voice Behaviour, and Employee Performance. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide Dan Inspirasi, 11(1), 133–154. https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v11i1.46094
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References
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Afsar, B., Shahjehan, A., Shah, S. I., & Wajid, A. (2019). The mediating role of transformational leadership in the relationship between cultural intelligence and employee voice behavior: A case of hotel employees. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 69, 66–75.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.01.001
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Akhmadi, A., Hendryadi, Suryani, Sumail, L. O., & Pujiwati, A. (2023). Islamic work ethics and employees’ prosocial voice behavior: The multi-role of organizational identification. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1).
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2174064
Aryanto, A., Merawati, E. E., & Supriyadi, E. (2021). Pengaruh Good Governance Dan Transformational Leadership Terhadap Employee Performance Dimoderasi Employee Voice Behavior (Studi Kasus Pada Pt. Angkasa Pura I (Persero)). Jurnal Ekobisman, 6(1), 35–49.
Atatsi, E. A., Stoffers, J., & Kil, A. (2019). Factors affecting employee performance: a systematic literature review. In Journal of Advances in Management Research (Vol. 16, Issue 3, pp. 329–351). Emerald Group Holdings Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-06-2018-0052
Ay, K., & Kumkale, I. (2020). The Role Of Manager Values The Impact Of Ethical Codes On Competetive Advantage.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342666918
Basalamah, S. A. (2023). Level Up: An Indonesian Best Practice for Building Public Servants’ Performance. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide dan Inspirasi, 10(1), 119-132. https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v10i1.35732
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002
Chai, S. (2020). Does cultural difference matter on social media? An examination of the ethical culture and information privacy concerns. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198286
Dey, M., Bhattacharjee, S., Mahmood, M., Uddin, M. A., & Biswas, S. R. (2022). Ethical leadership for better sustainable performance: Role of employee values, behavior, and ethical climate. Journal of Cleaner Production, 337, 130527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130527
Ejaz, T., Anjum, Z. U. Z., Rasheed, M., Waqas, M., & Hameed, A. A. (2022). Impact of ethical leadership on employee well-being: the mediating role of job satisfaction and employee voice. Middle East Journal of Management, 9(3), 310-331. https://doi.org/10.1504/MEJM.2022.122577
El Junusi, R., & Mubarok, F. K. (2021). The mediating role of innovation between transglobal leadership and organizational performance in Islamic higher education. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide Dan Inspirasi, 8(2), 269-286.
https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v8i2.22265
Elsaied, M. M. (2019). Supportive leadership, proactive personality, and employee voice behavior. American Journal of Business, 34(1), 2–18.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ajb-01-2017-0004
Erdal, N., & Altindağ, E. (2020). The Effect of Ethical Leadership and Relationship Orientation Healthcare on Employee Performance. Business Management Dynamics, 10(3), 24-38. www.bmdynamics.com
Ge, Y. (2020). Psychological safety, employee voice, and work engagement. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 48(3), 1-7.
https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8907
Ghozali, I. (2017). Structural Equation Modeling Konsep dan Aplikasi dengan Program AMOS 24. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Guzman, F. A., & Espejo, A. (2019). Introducing changes at work: How voice behavior relates to management innovation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(1), 73–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2319
Jalali, A., Jaafar, M., Abdelsalam Al Rfoa, S. K., & Abhari, S. (2023). The indirect effect of high-performance work practices on employees’ performance through trust in management. Journal of Facilities Management, 21(2), 242-259. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFM-07-2021-0073
Jha, S. (2022). Employee voice behavior: A moderated mediation analysis of high-performance work system. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 71(7), 3100-3117.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-04-2020-0193
Jin, X., Qing, C., & Jin, S. (2022). Ethical Leadership and Innovative Behavior: Mediating Role of Voice Behavior and Moderated Mediation Role of Psychological Safety. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(9).
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095125
Key, S. (1999). Organizational Ethical Culture: Real or Imagined? Journal of Business Ethics, 217–225.
Lee, W. R., Choi, S. B., & Kang, S. W. (2021). How leaders’ positive feedback influences employees’ innovative behavior: The mediating role of voice behavior and job autonomy. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(4), 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041901
Metwally, D., Ruiz-Palomino, P., Metwally, M., & Gartzia, L. (2019). How Ethical Leadership Shapes Employees’ Readiness to Change: The Mediating Role of an Organizational Culture of Effectiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02493
Naritasari, N., Surwanti, A., & Qamari, I. N. (2023). Empathetic Leadership, Innovative Work Behavior and Health Protocol Culture as Determinants of Employee Performance in Government Organizations. Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 10(3), 303-316. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgpp.v10i3.18031
Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2012). Employee voice behavior: A meta‐analytic test of the conservation of resources framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 216-234. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.754
Qing, M., Asif, M., Hussain, A., & Jameel, A. (2020). Exploring the impact of ethical leadership on job satisfaction and organizational commitment in public sector organizations: the mediating role of psychological empowerment. Review of Managerial Science, 14(6), 1405–1432.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-019-00340-9
Rasheed, M. A., Shahzad, K., Conroy, C., Nadeem, S., & Siddique, M. U. (2017). Exploring the role of employee voice between high-performance work system and organizational innovation in small and medium enterprises. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 24(4), 670-688. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-11-2016-0185
Renne, J., Wolshon, B., Murray-Tuite, P., & Pande, A. (2020). Emergence of resilience as a framework for state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) in the United States. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 82, 102178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.11.007
Resende, M. M., Porto, J. B., Gracia, F. J., & Tomás, I. (2022). Adaptation and evidence of the validity of the Corporate Ethical Virtues Scale in Brazil: A measure of ethical culture in organizations. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicologia, 54, 23–32. https://doi.org/10.14349/rlp.2022.v54.3
Roy, A., Newman, A., Round, H., & Bhattacharya, S. (2023). Ethical Culture in Organizations: A Review and Agenda for Future Research. Business Ethics Quarterly, 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1017/beq.2022.44
Saban, D., Basalamah, S., Gani, A., & Rahman, Z. (2020). Impact of Islamic Work Ethics, Competencies, Compensation, Work Culture on Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance: The Case of Four Star Hotels. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(1).
https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2020.5.1.181
Sapada, A. F. A., Modding, H. B., Gani, A., & Nujum, S. (2017). The effect of organizational culture and work ethics on job satisfaction and employee performance. The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES), 6(12), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.9790/1813-0612042836
Sauser Jr, W. I., & Sims, R. R. (2007). Fostering an ethical culture for business. Human Resource Management: Contemporary Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities, 253285.
Su, X., Liu, Y., & Hanson-Rasmussen, N. (2017). Voice behavior, supervisor attribution, and employee performance appraisal. Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101829
Tabouli, E. M. A., Habtoor, N., & Nashief S, M. (2016). Employee Performance Scale: Using (CFA) On Jumhouria Bank in Libya. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 5(6), 735–739.
https://doi.org/10.21275/v5i6.nov164278
Tamer, G. (2021). The Role of Ethical Leadership In Increasing Employees’ Organizational Commitment And Performance: The Case of Healthcare Professionals. Journal of Life Economics, 8(1), 133–146.
https://doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.8.1.13
Uddin, M. J., Luva, R. H., & Hossian, S. M. M. (2013). Impact of organizational culture on employee performance and productivity: A case study of telecommunication sector in Bangladesh. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(2), 63. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v8n2p63
Yukl, G., Mahsud, R., Hassan, S., & Prussia, G. E. (2013). An improved measure of ethical leadership. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 20(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051811429352
Zhenjing, G., Chupradit, S., Ku, K. Y., Nassani, A. A., & Haffar, M. (2022). Impact of employees' workplace environment on employees' performance: a multi-mediation model. Frontiers in public health, 10, 890400.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.890400
Zhang, Y., Huai, M. and Xie, Y. (2015). Paternalistic leadership and employee voice in China: a dual process model. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(1), 25-36.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.01.002
References
Afsar, B., Shahjehan, A., Shah, S. I., & Wajid, A. (2019). The mediating role of transformational leadership in the relationship between cultural intelligence and employee voice behavior: A case of hotel employees. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 69, 66–75.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.01.001
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Akhmadi, A., Hendryadi, Suryani, Sumail, L. O., & Pujiwati, A. (2023). Islamic work ethics and employees’ prosocial voice behavior: The multi-role of organizational identification. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1).
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2174064
Aryanto, A., Merawati, E. E., & Supriyadi, E. (2021). Pengaruh Good Governance Dan Transformational Leadership Terhadap Employee Performance Dimoderasi Employee Voice Behavior (Studi Kasus Pada Pt. Angkasa Pura I (Persero)). Jurnal Ekobisman, 6(1), 35–49.
Atatsi, E. A., Stoffers, J., & Kil, A. (2019). Factors affecting employee performance: a systematic literature review. In Journal of Advances in Management Research (Vol. 16, Issue 3, pp. 329–351). Emerald Group Holdings Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-06-2018-0052
Ay, K., & Kumkale, I. (2020). The Role Of Manager Values The Impact Of Ethical Codes On Competetive Advantage.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342666918
Basalamah, S. A. (2023). Level Up: An Indonesian Best Practice for Building Public Servants’ Performance. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide dan Inspirasi, 10(1), 119-132. https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v10i1.35732
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002
Chai, S. (2020). Does cultural difference matter on social media? An examination of the ethical culture and information privacy concerns. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198286
Dey, M., Bhattacharjee, S., Mahmood, M., Uddin, M. A., & Biswas, S. R. (2022). Ethical leadership for better sustainable performance: Role of employee values, behavior, and ethical climate. Journal of Cleaner Production, 337, 130527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130527
Ejaz, T., Anjum, Z. U. Z., Rasheed, M., Waqas, M., & Hameed, A. A. (2022). Impact of ethical leadership on employee well-being: the mediating role of job satisfaction and employee voice. Middle East Journal of Management, 9(3), 310-331. https://doi.org/10.1504/MEJM.2022.122577
El Junusi, R., & Mubarok, F. K. (2021). The mediating role of innovation between transglobal leadership and organizational performance in Islamic higher education. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide Dan Inspirasi, 8(2), 269-286.
https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v8i2.22265
Elsaied, M. M. (2019). Supportive leadership, proactive personality, and employee voice behavior. American Journal of Business, 34(1), 2–18.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ajb-01-2017-0004
Erdal, N., & Altindağ, E. (2020). The Effect of Ethical Leadership and Relationship Orientation Healthcare on Employee Performance. Business Management Dynamics, 10(3), 24-38. www.bmdynamics.com
Ge, Y. (2020). Psychological safety, employee voice, and work engagement. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 48(3), 1-7.
https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8907
Ghozali, I. (2017). Structural Equation Modeling Konsep dan Aplikasi dengan Program AMOS 24. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Guzman, F. A., & Espejo, A. (2019). Introducing changes at work: How voice behavior relates to management innovation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(1), 73–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2319
Jalali, A., Jaafar, M., Abdelsalam Al Rfoa, S. K., & Abhari, S. (2023). The indirect effect of high-performance work practices on employees’ performance through trust in management. Journal of Facilities Management, 21(2), 242-259. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFM-07-2021-0073
Jha, S. (2022). Employee voice behavior: A moderated mediation analysis of high-performance work system. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 71(7), 3100-3117.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-04-2020-0193
Jin, X., Qing, C., & Jin, S. (2022). Ethical Leadership and Innovative Behavior: Mediating Role of Voice Behavior and Moderated Mediation Role of Psychological Safety. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(9).
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095125
Key, S. (1999). Organizational Ethical Culture: Real or Imagined? Journal of Business Ethics, 217–225.
Lee, W. R., Choi, S. B., & Kang, S. W. (2021). How leaders’ positive feedback influences employees’ innovative behavior: The mediating role of voice behavior and job autonomy. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(4), 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041901
Metwally, D., Ruiz-Palomino, P., Metwally, M., & Gartzia, L. (2019). How Ethical Leadership Shapes Employees’ Readiness to Change: The Mediating Role of an Organizational Culture of Effectiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02493
Naritasari, N., Surwanti, A., & Qamari, I. N. (2023). Empathetic Leadership, Innovative Work Behavior and Health Protocol Culture as Determinants of Employee Performance in Government Organizations. Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 10(3), 303-316. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgpp.v10i3.18031
Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2012). Employee voice behavior: A meta‐analytic test of the conservation of resources framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 216-234. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.754
Qing, M., Asif, M., Hussain, A., & Jameel, A. (2020). Exploring the impact of ethical leadership on job satisfaction and organizational commitment in public sector organizations: the mediating role of psychological empowerment. Review of Managerial Science, 14(6), 1405–1432.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-019-00340-9
Rasheed, M. A., Shahzad, K., Conroy, C., Nadeem, S., & Siddique, M. U. (2017). Exploring the role of employee voice between high-performance work system and organizational innovation in small and medium enterprises. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 24(4), 670-688. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-11-2016-0185
Renne, J., Wolshon, B., Murray-Tuite, P., & Pande, A. (2020). Emergence of resilience as a framework for state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) in the United States. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 82, 102178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.11.007
Resende, M. M., Porto, J. B., Gracia, F. J., & Tomás, I. (2022). Adaptation and evidence of the validity of the Corporate Ethical Virtues Scale in Brazil: A measure of ethical culture in organizations. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicologia, 54, 23–32. https://doi.org/10.14349/rlp.2022.v54.3
Roy, A., Newman, A., Round, H., & Bhattacharya, S. (2023). Ethical Culture in Organizations: A Review and Agenda for Future Research. Business Ethics Quarterly, 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1017/beq.2022.44
Saban, D., Basalamah, S., Gani, A., & Rahman, Z. (2020). Impact of Islamic Work Ethics, Competencies, Compensation, Work Culture on Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance: The Case of Four Star Hotels. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(1).
https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2020.5.1.181
Sapada, A. F. A., Modding, H. B., Gani, A., & Nujum, S. (2017). The effect of organizational culture and work ethics on job satisfaction and employee performance. The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES), 6(12), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.9790/1813-0612042836
Sauser Jr, W. I., & Sims, R. R. (2007). Fostering an ethical culture for business. Human Resource Management: Contemporary Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities, 253285.
Su, X., Liu, Y., & Hanson-Rasmussen, N. (2017). Voice behavior, supervisor attribution, and employee performance appraisal. Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101829
Tabouli, E. M. A., Habtoor, N., & Nashief S, M. (2016). Employee Performance Scale: Using (CFA) On Jumhouria Bank in Libya. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 5(6), 735–739.
https://doi.org/10.21275/v5i6.nov164278
Tamer, G. (2021). The Role of Ethical Leadership In Increasing Employees’ Organizational Commitment And Performance: The Case of Healthcare Professionals. Journal of Life Economics, 8(1), 133–146.
https://doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.8.1.13
Uddin, M. J., Luva, R. H., & Hossian, S. M. M. (2013). Impact of organizational culture on employee performance and productivity: A case study of telecommunication sector in Bangladesh. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(2), 63. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v8n2p63
Yukl, G., Mahsud, R., Hassan, S., & Prussia, G. E. (2013). An improved measure of ethical leadership. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 20(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051811429352
Zhenjing, G., Chupradit, S., Ku, K. Y., Nassani, A. A., & Haffar, M. (2022). Impact of employees' workplace environment on employees' performance: a multi-mediation model. Frontiers in public health, 10, 890400.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.890400
Zhang, Y., Huai, M. and Xie, Y. (2015). Paternalistic leadership and employee voice in China: a dual process model. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(1), 25-36.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.01.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.01.001
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Akhmadi, A., Hendryadi, Suryani, Sumail, L. O., & Pujiwati, A. (2023). Islamic work ethics and employees’ prosocial voice behavior: The multi-role of organizational identification. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1).
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2174064
Aryanto, A., Merawati, E. E., & Supriyadi, E. (2021). Pengaruh Good Governance Dan Transformational Leadership Terhadap Employee Performance Dimoderasi Employee Voice Behavior (Studi Kasus Pada Pt. Angkasa Pura I (Persero)). Jurnal Ekobisman, 6(1), 35–49.
Atatsi, E. A., Stoffers, J., & Kil, A. (2019). Factors affecting employee performance: a systematic literature review. In Journal of Advances in Management Research (Vol. 16, Issue 3, pp. 329–351). Emerald Group Holdings Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-06-2018-0052
Ay, K., & Kumkale, I. (2020). The Role Of Manager Values The Impact Of Ethical Codes On Competetive Advantage.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342666918
Basalamah, S. A. (2023). Level Up: An Indonesian Best Practice for Building Public Servants’ Performance. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide dan Inspirasi, 10(1), 119-132. https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v10i1.35732
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002
Chai, S. (2020). Does cultural difference matter on social media? An examination of the ethical culture and information privacy concerns. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198286
Dey, M., Bhattacharjee, S., Mahmood, M., Uddin, M. A., & Biswas, S. R. (2022). Ethical leadership for better sustainable performance: Role of employee values, behavior, and ethical climate. Journal of Cleaner Production, 337, 130527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130527
Ejaz, T., Anjum, Z. U. Z., Rasheed, M., Waqas, M., & Hameed, A. A. (2022). Impact of ethical leadership on employee well-being: the mediating role of job satisfaction and employee voice. Middle East Journal of Management, 9(3), 310-331. https://doi.org/10.1504/MEJM.2022.122577
El Junusi, R., & Mubarok, F. K. (2021). The mediating role of innovation between transglobal leadership and organizational performance in Islamic higher education. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide Dan Inspirasi, 8(2), 269-286.
https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v8i2.22265
Elsaied, M. M. (2019). Supportive leadership, proactive personality, and employee voice behavior. American Journal of Business, 34(1), 2–18.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ajb-01-2017-0004
Erdal, N., & Altindağ, E. (2020). The Effect of Ethical Leadership and Relationship Orientation Healthcare on Employee Performance. Business Management Dynamics, 10(3), 24-38. www.bmdynamics.com
Ge, Y. (2020). Psychological safety, employee voice, and work engagement. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 48(3), 1-7.
https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8907
Ghozali, I. (2017). Structural Equation Modeling Konsep dan Aplikasi dengan Program AMOS 24. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Guzman, F. A., & Espejo, A. (2019). Introducing changes at work: How voice behavior relates to management innovation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(1), 73–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2319
Jalali, A., Jaafar, M., Abdelsalam Al Rfoa, S. K., & Abhari, S. (2023). The indirect effect of high-performance work practices on employees’ performance through trust in management. Journal of Facilities Management, 21(2), 242-259. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFM-07-2021-0073
Jha, S. (2022). Employee voice behavior: A moderated mediation analysis of high-performance work system. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 71(7), 3100-3117.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-04-2020-0193
Jin, X., Qing, C., & Jin, S. (2022). Ethical Leadership and Innovative Behavior: Mediating Role of Voice Behavior and Moderated Mediation Role of Psychological Safety. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(9).
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095125
Key, S. (1999). Organizational Ethical Culture: Real or Imagined? Journal of Business Ethics, 217–225.
Lee, W. R., Choi, S. B., & Kang, S. W. (2021). How leaders’ positive feedback influences employees’ innovative behavior: The mediating role of voice behavior and job autonomy. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(4), 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041901
Metwally, D., Ruiz-Palomino, P., Metwally, M., & Gartzia, L. (2019). How Ethical Leadership Shapes Employees’ Readiness to Change: The Mediating Role of an Organizational Culture of Effectiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02493
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